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But it is unknown if MeHg exposure on wintering grounds can carry over and produce negative effects on the following spring breeding seasonal transition. To evaluate this, we exposed male captive song sparrows (\n                    <jats:italic>Melospiza melodia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to environmentally relevant levels of dietary MeHg for 3\u2009months during winter. We then photostimulated the birds with a long\u2010day photoperiod and observed them for 21\u2009days post\u2010exposure. Contrary to our predictions, we found no carry\u2010over effects of MeHg on the timing of changes in spring reproductive physiology assessed by testes mass, syrinx mass, plasma androgen concentrations, number of GnRH neurosecretory cells, and body condition. However, following photostimulation, MeHg\u2010exposed birds had smaller cloacal protuberances. Although we observed no obvious effects on the timing of reproductive onset, the results suggest that winter MeHg exposure could induce carry\u2010over effects on secondary sexual traits that may affect birds' breeding performance. Overall, our findings indicate that songbirds can buffer against the main effects of prior winter MeHg exposure so as to not delay reproductive onset in spring, but more studies are required for long\u2010term effects on breeding performance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1748337280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of wintering under methylmercury exposure on spring reproductive onset in song sparrows (\n                    <i>Melospiza melodia<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire L. 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