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This involves complex brain peptidergic pathways, which show spatial and temporal differences in their expression and distribution during the annual reproductive cycle. The well\u2010studied pathways include gonadotropin\u2010releasing and inhibiting hormones (GnRH, GnIH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cocaine\u2010 and amphetamine\u2010regulated transcript (CART), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and other peptides like arginine vasotocin (VT), oxytocin (mesotocin), and spexin. Together, these peptides form a neurochemical framework for the integration of both internal and external (environmental) cues; this results in a neuroendocrine response. Conceivably, therefore, the neurochemical framework within which brain peptides possibly interact and perform reproductive regulatory roles might show species differences. Here, we aim to review briefly the roles of these neuropeptides in reproduction in both opportunistically and seasonally breeding birds. Much of the discussion will be based on our own research on the opportunistic breeding zebra finch and the seasonally breeding redheaded bunting, Indian weaverbird, and spotted munia. The summer breeding redheaded bunting and weaverbird are typical photosensitive long\u2010day species, but they show qualitative differences in response to stimulatory photoperiods during the post\u2010reproductive period of their annual cycle. Buntings exhibit absolute photorefractoriness, while weaverbirds exhibit relative photorefractoriness. The autumn breeding spotted munia, on the other hand, is an atypical photosensitive species. It responds to both short and long photoperiods and presumably lacks photorefractoriness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T22:40:31Z","timestamp":1745793631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuropeptides and reproductive flexibility in songbirds: A mini review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7183-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vatsala","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College University of Delhi  Delhi India"},{"name":"Department of Zoology Chaudhary Charan Singh University  Meerut India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Chaudhary Charan Singh University  Meerut India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinod","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology King George's Medical University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01556-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-011-9496-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1642\/AUK-16-243.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4078551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540793.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[2365:RSIAOB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MU9950208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Photoperiodism in higher vertebrates: an adaptive strategy in temporal","volume":"35","author":"Kumar V","year":"1997","journal-title":"Indian J Exp 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