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Abundant food elevates thyroid hormone (TH), driving energy storage and foraging behaviors, while scarcity reduces TH levels, inducing energy\u2010saving states like hypometabolism or hibernation, in which TH\u2010leptin crosstalk is important. Cold exposure upregulates TH to enhance mitochondrial thermogenesis, with TH acting as a pivotal mediator in the coordination between the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center and peripheral organs. The photoperiodic response converges evolutionarily on the TSH\u2010DIO2\u2010T3 axis, modulating seasonal GnRH release for seasonal reproductive activity. Humans display an annual rhythm of HPT\u2010axis hormones, characterized by winter TSH elevation with TH variability, which affects thyroid dysfunction diagnosis and necessitates seasonally adjusted therapies. Extreme natural environmental stressors and modern environmental changes can profoundly disrupt this acclimatization to decompensate into a pathophysiological state. 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