{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:56:08Z","timestamp":1791834968615,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 HD\u2010100593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 HD\u2010100593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIMH R01 MH\u2010138481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH R01 MH\u2010138481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 GM\u2010144641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM\u2010144641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008476","name":"University of California, Irvine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008476","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Pregnancy represents a period of profound endocrine activity and neural reorganization. While recent evidence highlights pituitary volume as a biomarker of endocrine dynamics during pregnancy, its precise trajectory (timing and relative magnitude of effect) across human pregnancy remains undescribed. Three healthy women (59 total observations) underwent\n T1<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010weighted\n MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n before conception (5 baseline observations), during pregnancy (38 total observations, spanning gestational weeks 1\u201336), and up to 1 year postpartum (16 total observations). Anterior and posterior pituitary lobes were manually delineated at every visit. A longitudinal pipeline co\u2010registered each scan to all other intra\u2010subject scans, propagated their labels, and generated majority\u2010vote ensembles for objective and regularized volume estimates. Person\u2010centered z\u2010scores were computed, and generalized additive mixed models (\n GAMMs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) with random intercepts estimated nonlinear volume trajectories. The anterior lobe followed a nonlinear trajectory, with gestational age explaining 73% of adjusted variance in anterior\u2010pituitary volume (edf\u2009=\u20097.59, F\u2009=\u200920.2, p\n bonf<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009<\u200910\n \u221210<\/jats:sup>\n ). Specifically, volume exhibited a modest first trimester decrease (local fit minima: \u22120.9\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n at 10.6\u2009weeks), followed by a steep rise into the 3rd trimester (local fit maxima: +1.8\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n at 34.1\u2009weeks, or\u2009~\u200917.5% increase from 1st trimester minima, by volume), before returning to baseline near 3 months postpartum. Sensitivity analyses restricted to linear regression during early (\u22125 to 12\u2009weeks) and late (12 to 40\u2009weeks) windows replicated the observed non\u2010linear decreasing\/increasing slopes (\u03b2\n early<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.09\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/week, p\n early<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.036; \u03b2\n late<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.14\n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/week, p\n late<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009<\u200910\n \u221210<\/jats:sup>\n ). In contrast, no significant volumetric changes in the posterior lobe were detected across the observation period (p\n non\u2010linear<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.79). In one of the first studies of its kind to leverage a dense sampling approach in multiple pregnant women, non\u2010linear analyses revealed rapid, reversible anterior pituitary hypertrophy across human pregnancy consistent with lactotrope expansion and heightened endocrine load.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:21:58Z","timestamp":1770337318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dense sampling for mapping pituitary growth dynamics before, during, and after pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Picci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Brain Health, Boys Town National Research Hospital Boys Town Nebraska USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Creighton University Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7684-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risha","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Grotzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaya","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pritschet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Chrastil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Behavior University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily G.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara California USA"},{"name":"Ann S. Bowers Women's Brain Health Initiative Santa Barbara California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerod M.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of California Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of California Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010024\u201001629\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593\u2010024\u201001741\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201055830\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi0576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr7922"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.54093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.05.17.594766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"PetraroliM PatiannaVD MaddaloM et al.MRI\u2010based radiomics of the pituitary gland is highly predictive of central precocious puberty in girls: Pilot study. 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