{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:30:52Z","timestamp":1787988652406,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Neuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Early life stress (ELS) is a major risk factor for later psychiatric and neurological disorders. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the hormonal end\u2010products of the neuroendocrine stress response, are central mediators of this risk, influencing how the developing brain grows and adapts. Research has shown that GCs affect processes such as cell proliferation, neuronal survival, and maturation, but much less attention has been given to whether they also shape\n                    <jats:italic>cell fate<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014the developmental choices that determine whether stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or other specialised lineages. In this perspective, I argue that cell fate provides a valuable new lens for understanding how stress becomes embedded in brain architecture. Because GCs act directly on neural stem and progenitor populations, it is plausible that their influence extends beyond the quantity of cells produced, to the identities that emerge. I outline an initial framework for interpreting potential effects of GCs on fate, review emerging evidence from different model systems, and consider mechanisms by which stress hormones could alter developmental trajectories. By focusing on fate, this article highlights a novel dimension of neuroendocrine influence on brain development, with implications for how early experiences confer vulnerability, or resilience, to later mental health outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T11:26:58Z","timestamp":1770377218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Glucocorticoids and cell fate in the developing brain: Neuroendocrine mechanisms shaping developmental trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Eachus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health &amp; Life Sciences, Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0246-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02158-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-025-00948-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202919666171228164350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2018.1456526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2015.00068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02229-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00218-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110444108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201295109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04313-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.211174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000236849.53682.6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09186-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40868-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820842116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490210113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04657.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06060-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13085-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2494-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100530"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02076-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0244-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.156059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.142075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0595-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20145549"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav2522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi2167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn8631"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.610427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0844-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01399-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02053-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00145","article-title":"Post\u2010weaning environmental enrichment in male CD\u20101 mice: impact on social behaviors, corticosterone levels and prefrontal cytokine expression in adulthood","volume":"12","author":"McQuaid RJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90224-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-00973-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0598-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21010095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.111864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1362573","article-title":"Recent advances in the crosstalk between the brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and glucocorticoids","volume":"15","author":"Tsimpolis A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107865"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00809-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01652-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","article-title":"Lineage tracing and clonal analysis in developing cerebral cortex using mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM)","volume":"159","author":"Beattie R","year":"2020","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-023-00833-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-025-01447-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","article-title":"Quantitative guiding of developmental cell fate transitions using a dynamical landscape model","author":"Hajji I","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01138-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02193-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","article-title":"A selective review of the excitatory\u2010inhibitory imbalance in schizophrenia: underlying biology, genetics, microcircuits, and symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Liu Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02672-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02861-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2024.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.028"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.70142","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jne.70142","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jne.70142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:38:08Z","timestamp":1773005888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jne.70142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jne.70142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.70142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.70142\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.70142\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JNE.70142\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-8194","1365-2826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-8194","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70142"}}