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Elevated estrogen levels have been associated with increased stress, which may lead to a higher likelihood of seeking psychoactive substances. Additionally, tobacco use has been associated with negative effects on reproductive health. Preclinical studies suggested that the estrous cycle significantly influences addictive behaviors, emphasizing the role of ovarian hormones. Furthermore, psychoactive substances entrain circadian rhythms, with animals showing increased locomotor activity 1\u20132\u2009h before drug administration time, known as anticipatory activity, reflecting seeking behavior. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ovarian hormones on nicotine\u2010anticipatory behavior. A circadian model of forced administration of nicotine via nebulization was implemented in intact and ovariectomized female mice, exposing them to nicotine at a fixed time (ZT4) for 20\u2009min daily over 14\u2009days. The effects of nicotine intake on ovarian follicle morphology and maturation were also assessed. Daily nicotine exposure successfully entrained a clear anticipatory behavior in intact mice. Notably, this anticipatory activity was completely abolished in ovariectomized females, indicating a critical dependence on ovarian factors. Furthermore, nicotine exposure disrupted the estrous cycle and induced significant ovarian follicular damage in intact females. Our findings suggest that the hormonal state is a primary modulator of nicotine\u2010anticipatory behavior. Moreover, the observed nicotine\u2010induced ovarian damage highlights a significant risk to female reproductive health, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between nicotine use and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:31:28Z","timestamp":1773307888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ovarian influence on circadian and infradian modulation of nicotine\u2010seeking in female mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9317-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenaida","family":"Rosas\u2010Ovando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas Universidad Veracruzana  Xalapa Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de 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