{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:56:07Z","timestamp":1791143767363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]],"date-time":"2013-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Impulse control disorders (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s) and apathy are recognized as two important neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with Parkinson's disease (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), but as yet we understand very little about the cognitive mechanisms underlying them. Here, we review emerging findings, from both human and animal studies, that suggest that impulsivity and apathy are opposite extremes of a dopamine\u2010dependent spectrum of motivated decision making. We first argue that there is strong support for a hypodopaminergic state in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    patients with apathy, as well as for an association between dopamine therapy and development of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s. However, there is little evidence for a clear dose\n                    <jats:bold>\u2010<\/jats:bold>\n                    response relationship, and great heterogeneity of findings. We argue that dopaminergic state on its own is an insufficient explanation, and suggest instead that there is now substantial evidence that both apathy and impulsivity are in fact multi\u2010dimensional syndromes, with separate, dissociable mechanisms underlying their \u2018surface\u2019 manifestations. Some of these mechanisms might be dopamine\u2010dependent. According to this view, individuals diagnosed as impulsive or apathetic may have very different mechanisms underlying their clinical states. We propose that impulsivity and apathy can arise from dissociable deficits in option generation, option selection, action initiation or inhibition and learning. Review of the behavioural and neurobiological evidence leads us to a new conceptual framework that might help understand the variety of functional deficits seen in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]],"date-time":"2013-04-29T07:35:45Z","timestamp":1367220945000},"page":"255-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Impulsivity and apathy in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nihal","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University Oxford UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Manohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University Oxford UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masud","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Experimental Psychology Oxford University Oxford UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London UK"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.166959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fundamentals of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Circuits and pathways","volume":"67","author":"Arnsten A. 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