{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:32:58Z","timestamp":1785929578944,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RES\u2010062\u201023\u20101931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES\u2010062\u201023\u20101931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RES\u2010062\u201023\u20100371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES\u2010062\u201023\u20100371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The observation of a bilingual advantage in executive control tasks involving inhibition and management of response conflict suggests that being bilingual might contribute to increased cognitive reserve. In support of this, recent evidence indicates that bilinguals develop\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    lzheimer's disease (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) later than monolinguals, and may retain an advantage in performance on executive control tasks. We compared age at the time of receiving an\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    diagnosis in bilingual\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    elsh\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nglish speakers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a037) and monolingual\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nglish speakers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a049), and assessed the performance of bilinguals (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a024) and monolinguals (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a049) on a range of executive control tasks. There was a non\u2010significant difference in age at the time of diagnosis, with bilinguals being on average 3\u00a0years older than monolinguals, but bilinguals were also significantly more cognitively impaired at the time of diagnosis. There were no significant differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in performance on executive function tests, but bilinguals appeared to show relative strengths in the domain of inhibition and response conflict. Bilingual\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    elsh\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nglish speakers with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    do not show a clear advantage in executive function over monolingual\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nglish speakers, but may retain some benefits in inhibition and management of response conflict. There may be a delay in onset of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    elsh\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    nglish bilinguals, but if so, it is smaller than that found in some other clinical populations. In this\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    elsh sample, bilinguals with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    came to the attention of services later than monolinguals, and reasons for this pattern could be explored further.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T02:04:34Z","timestamp":1416881074000},"page":"163-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Bilingualism, executive control, and age at diagnosis among people with early\u2010stage\n                    <scp>A<\/scp>\n                    lzheimer's disease in\n                    <scp>W<\/scp>\n                    ales"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Clare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus I. 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M.","family":"Bastable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in Health Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstie L.","family":"Pye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enlli M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangor University UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia C. Mueller","family":"Gathercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida International University Miami FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Hindle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangor University UK"},{"name":"Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board Llandudno Hospital Conwy UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436620.33155.a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"The Speed and Capacity of Language Processing (SCOLP) test","author":"Baddeley A. 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