{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:22:10Z","timestamp":1790778130725,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007343","name":"Shire","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"\n Impaired habit\u2010learning has been proposed to underlie the tic symptoms of Tourette syndrome (\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). However, accounts differ in terms of how habit\u2010learning is altered in\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , with some authors proposing habit formation is impaired due to a deficient \u2018chunking\u2019 mechanism, and others proposing habit\u2010learning is overactive and tics reflect hyperlearned behaviours. Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) frequently co\u2010occurs with\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and is known to affect cognitive function in young people with co\u2010occurring\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0+\u00a0\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). It is unclear, however, how co\u2010occurring\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms affect habit\u2010learning in\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n . In this study, we investigated whether young people with\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n would show deficient or hyperactive habit\u2010learning, and assessed the effects of co\u2010occurring\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms on habit\u2010learning in\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Participants aged 9\u201317\u00a0years with\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 18),\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0+\u00a0\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 17),\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 13), and typical development (\n n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 20) completed a motor sequence learning task to assess habit\u2010learning. We used a 2 (\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010yes,\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010no)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 (\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010yes,\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010no) factorial analysis to test the effects of\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and their interaction on accuracy and reaction time indices of sequence learning.\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n was associated with intact sequence learning, but a tendency for difficulty transitioning from sequenced to non\u2010sequenced performance was suggestive of hyper\u2010learning.\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n was associated with significantly poorer accuracy during acquisition of the sequence, indicative of impaired habit\u2010learning. There were no interactions between the\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n factors, indicating young people with\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u00a0+\u00a0\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n showed both\n TS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010 and\n ADHD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010related atypicalities in habit\u2010learning.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T11:01:18Z","timestamp":1530702078000},"page":"529-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Implicit sequence learning in young people with Tourette syndrome with and without co\u2010occurring attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Shephard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience King's College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine J.","family":"Groom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology Institute of Mental Health University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology Institute of Mental Health University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494750"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.2.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022602400621"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-1003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Children's Yale\u2010Brown obsessive compulsive scale (CY\u2010BOCS)","author":"Goodman W. 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