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While most studies have focused on basic motor disorders such as hemiplegia, only recently, the issue of whether anosognosia also concerns higher\u2010order motor disorders like apraxia has been addressed. Here, we explore the existence of a specific form of anosognosia for apraxia in forty patients with uni\u2010hemispheric vascular lesions. The patients were requested to imitate actions involving upper limb or bucco\u2010facial body parts and then judge their performance. Successively, they were also asked to observe video recordings of the same actions performed by themselves or by other patients and judge the accuracy of the displayed actions. The comparison of participants versus examiner judgement and between error recognition of others\u2019 versus self\u2019s actions was considered as an index of awareness deficit for the online and offline conditions, respectively. Evidence was found that awareness deficits occurred both immediately after action execution (online anosognosia) and in the video recording task (offline anosognosia). Moreover, bucco\u2010facial and limb apraxic patients were specifically unaware of their errors in bucco\u2010facial and limb actions, respectively, indicating for the first time a topographical organization of the syndrome. Our approach allowed us to distinguish awareness deficits from more general disorders in error recognition; indeed, anosognosic patients were able to identify errors when the same action was executed by another patient but not when the video showed their own actions. Finally, we provide evidence that anosognosia for apraxia might be associated with frontal cortical and subcortical networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T04:20:38Z","timestamp":1582258838000},"page":"20-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Anosognosia for limb and bucco\u2010facial apraxia as inferred from the recognition of gestural errors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Scandola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NPSY.Lab\u2010VR Department of Human Sciences University of Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Canzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Avesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCSS Sacro Cuore \u2013 Don Calabria Hospital Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Leder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCSS Sacro Cuore \u2013 Don Calabria Hospital Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bertagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPSY.Lab\u2010VR Department of Human Sciences University of Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Gobbetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPSY.Lab\u2010VR Department of Human Sciences University of Verona Italy"},{"name":"Verona Memory Center CEMS Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8175-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore M.","family":"Aglioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d of Rome and Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7119-7264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPSY.Lab\u2010VR Department of Human Sciences University of Verona Italy"},{"name":"Verona Memory Center CEMS Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex","author":"Anokhin P. 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