{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:48:54Z","timestamp":1779936534710,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by the occurrence of motor and vocal tics. TS is associated with cortical\u2010striatal\u2010thalamic\u2010cortical circuit [CSTC] dysfunction and hyper\u2010excitability of cortical limbic and motor regions that are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by \u2018premonitory sensory\/urge phenomena\u2019 (PU) that are described as uncomfortable bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PU in the occurrence of tics is largely unknown, they are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance as they form a core component of many behavioural therapies used in the treatment of tic disorders. Recent evidence indicates that the cingulate cortex may play an important role in the generation of PU in TS, and in \u2018urges\u2010for\u2010action\u2019 more generally. In the current study, we utilized voxel\u2010based morphometry (VBM) techniques, together with \u2018seed\u2010to\u2010voxel\u2019 structural covariance network (SCN) mapping, to investigate the putative role played by the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of PU in a relatively large group of young people with TS. Whole\u2010brain VBM analysis revealed that TS was associated with clusters of significantly reduced grey matter volumes bilaterally within: the orbito\u2010frontal cortex; the cerebellum; and the anterior and mid\u2010cingulate cortex. Similarly, analysis of SCNs associated with bilateral mid\u2010 and anterior cingulate \u2018seed\u2019 regions demonstrated that TS is associated with\n                    <jats:italic>increased<\/jats:italic>\n                    structural covariance primarily with the bilateral motor cerebellum; the inferior frontal cortex; and the posterior cingulate cortex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T22:18:07Z","timestamp":1616883487000},"page":"340-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The role of the cingulate cortex in the generation of motor tics and the experience of the premonitory urge\u2010to\u2010tic in Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Institute of Mental Health School of Medicine University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilmar P.","family":"Sigurdsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Dyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Condon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mental Health School of Medicine University of Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407299288"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:4<254::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.5.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16070141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Conners third edition (Conners 3)","author":"Conners C. 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