{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:32:48Z","timestamp":1789169568498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Up to 45% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience impulse control disorders (ICDs), characterized by a loss of voluntary control over impulses, drives or temptations. This study aimed to investigate whether previously identified genetic and psychiatric risk factors interact towards the development of ICDs in PD. A total of 278\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    PD patients (ICD\u2010free at enrollment) were selected from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. ICD presence at baseline and yearly follow\u2010up assessments were evaluated via the Questionnaire for Impulsive\u2010Compulsive Disorders. Symptoms of anxiety and depression at baseline were measured via the State\u2013Trait\u2010Anxiety Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. Furthermore, an individual dopamine genetic risk score was calculated according to polymorphisms in genes coding for dopamine (D1, D2 and D3 receptors and catechol\u2010O\u2010methyltransferase), with higher scores reflecting higher central dopamine neurotransmission. In total, 146 participants (47.5%) developed an ICD with an average onset time of 36\u2009months (range 3\u201396) from baseline. Results from a Cox proportional hazards model showed a trait anxiety \u00d7 genetics interaction, suggesting that individuals with both higher baseline trait anxiety scores and higher dopamine genetic risk scores were at increased risk of ICD development. This interaction remained significant after controlling for age, sex and motor symptom severity. Our findings suggest that genetic and psychiatric predictors of impulsivity in PD interact and jointly yield increased ICD risk during the course of the disorder. This implies that early screening of anxiety symptoms in combination with genotyping can be useful to identify those at risk for ICD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T23:45:10Z","timestamp":1738107910000},"page":"443-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dopamine genetic risk scores and psychiatric symptoms: Interacting risk factors for impulse control behaviours in\n                    <i>de novo<\/i>\n                    Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Whooley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Koppelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley J.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Centre for Human Brain Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marit F. L.","family":"Ruitenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360\u20100443.2011.03511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112589"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201012457\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prdoa.2021.100113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520\u2010021\u201001815\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/572743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.17m11612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010007\u20100834\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.06.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201068008\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"State\u2010trait anxiety inventory for adults","author":"Spielberger C. 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