{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:51:50Z","timestamp":1786467110049,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chinese characters serve as the psychological entry point for lexical recognition in reading. Over 80% of these characters are phonetic compounds containing a semantic radical. Understanding how individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) process these structurally distinct characters is crucial for revealing the underlying nature of their cognitive decline. This study examined 180 older adults (60 Healthy Controls, 60 Mild AD, 60 Moderate AD) in a semantic categorization task across four radical\u2010character relationships: fully related (FR), fully unrelated (FU), radical\u2010only related (RR) and radical\u2010only, related (RO\u2010R). To disentangle semantic degradation from executive control demands, this study employed signal detection theory (SDT) and mixed\u2010effects modelling. Results demonstrated significant group\u2010by\u2010condition interactions for accuracy, reaction time and perceptual sensitivity (\n                    <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). AD patients exhibited globally reduced\n                    <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                    and prolonged reaction times. Crucially, an error pattern analysis revealed that Mild AD patients produced significantly more false alarms in the RR condition, a deficit strongly correlated with their Stroop Interference scores (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.58), reflecting a pronounced susceptibility to semantic interference, exacerbated by atypical executive inhibitory control. Furthermore, a temporal dissociation emerged: while explicit semantic sensitivity (\n                    <jats:italic>d\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) collapsed early in the disease, Mild AD patients partially preserved the automatic reaction time advantage for isolated radicals (RO\u2010R), yet suffered an exacerbated reaction time interference effect when resolving radical\u2010related semantic interference (RR\u2009&gt;\u2009FU). These findings suggest that explicit semantic boundaries and executive conflict resolution abilities degrade early in AD, whereas automatic semantic spreading activation is briefly preserved but highly susceptible to multifaceted semantic interference.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:05:36Z","timestamp":1786464336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal dissociation of semantic degradation and interference in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from Chinese character processing"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7937-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Advanced Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww083","article-title":"Thalamic pathology and memory loss in early Alzheimer's disease: Moving the focus from the medial temporal lobe to Papez circuit","volume":"139","author":"Aggleton J. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed\u2010effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6241-11.2012","article-title":"Gray matter density of auditory association cortex relates to knowledge of sound concepts in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"32","author":"Bonner M. F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198530671.001.0001","volume-title":"Visual masking: Time slices through conscious and unconscious vision","author":"Breitmeyer B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"373","volume-title":"The handbook of aging and cognition","author":"Burke D. M.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010729","article-title":"SUBTLEX\u2010CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles","volume":"5","author":"Cai Q.","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1030020","article-title":"Deterioration of semantic associative relationships in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease","volume":"23","author":"Caputi N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology. Adult"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.02.231","article-title":"Effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on retention of performance gains on an obstacle negotiation task in older adults","volume":"26","author":"Chatterjee S. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.9.1347","article-title":"Cognitive function of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma with and without temporal lobe radionecrosis","volume":"57","author":"Cheung M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12047","article-title":"Deregulated semantic cognition contributes to object\u2010use deficits in Alzheimer's disease: A comparison with semantic aphasia and semantic dementia","volume":"9","author":"Corbett F.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108587921","volume-title":"Language in dementia","author":"Cummings L.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70178-3","article-title":"Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Revising the NINCDSADRDA criteria","volume":"6","author":"Dubois B.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016616","article-title":"Associative and orthographic neighborhood density effects in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"23","author":"Du\u00f1abeitia J. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23100","article-title":"Neural correlates of attention\u2010executive dysfunction in lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"37","author":"Firbank M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"\u201cMini\u2010mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein M. F.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"The assessment of aphasia and related disorders","author":"Goodglass H.","year":"1983"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh075","article-title":"What's in a name: Voxel\u2010based morphometric analyses of MRI and naming difficulty in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Grossman M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.6.566","article-title":"A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia","volume":"140","author":"Hughes C. P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/30.3.307","article-title":"Age differences in backward monoptic visual noise masking","volume":"30","author":"Kline D. W.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V.(2022).emmeans: Estimated marginal means aka least\u2010squares means(Version 1.8.0) [Computer software]. Comprehensive R Archive Network."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160119","article-title":"Mini\u2010mental state examination in elderly Chinese: A population\u2010based normative study","volume":"53","author":"Li H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.866261","article-title":"Culture effects on the Chinese version Boston naming test performance and the normative data in the native Chinese\u2010speaking elders in mainland China","volume":"13","author":"Li Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS\u2010ADRDA Work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann G.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-018-0821-9","article-title":"Multinomial models reveal deficits of two distinct controlled retrieval processes in aging and very mild Alzheimer disease","volume":"46","author":"Millar P. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00031","article-title":"Theta and alpha EEG frequency interplay in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: Evidence from EEG, MRI, and SPECT brain modifications","volume":"7","author":"Moretti D. V.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The clinical dementia rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris J. C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31825018f7","article-title":"Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: A review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Nelson P. T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-006-9003-4","article-title":"Explicit instruction in orthographic structure and word morphology helps Chinese children learn to write characters","volume":"19","author":"Packard J. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112904","article-title":"A systematic review of cognitive event\u2010related potentials in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"396","author":"Paitel E. R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12168","article-title":"The attribute priming effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Perri R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118768","article-title":"Task modulation of spatiotemporal dynamics in semantic brain networks: An EEG\/MEG study","volume":"246","author":"Rahimi S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00557","article-title":"The Stroop color and word test","volume":"8","author":"Scarpina F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01791-4","article-title":"Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"Serrano\u2010Pozo A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590344000060","article-title":"Chinese writing system and learning to read","volume":"38","author":"Shu H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12224","article-title":"Disrupted memory inhibition in dementia of Alzheimer's type","volume":"15","author":"Tempel T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Chinese Alzheimer's disease and dementia diagnosis and treatment guidelines (2020 edition)","volume":"40","author":"Tian J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Geriatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2018.06.003","article-title":"Reliability of the Chinese version of the trail making test and Stroop color and word test among older adults","volume":"12","author":"Wang R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Gerontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-022-10260-y","article-title":"Meanings within meanings: Skilled readers activate irrelevant meanings of radicals in chinese","volume":"35","author":"Wang T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-156","article-title":"The Beijing version of the Montreal cognitive assessment as a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment: A community\u2010based study","volume":"12","author":"Yu J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnp.70071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jnp.70071","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnp.70071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:05:42Z","timestamp":1786464342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jnp.70071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jnp.70071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnp.70071","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6645","1748-6653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6645","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-6653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jnp.70071"}}