{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:41:14Z","timestamp":1789486874780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuropsychology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Towers of Kuwait\u2013Arabic Neurocognitive Assessment (ToK\u2010ArNA) was developed as a culturally relevant tool to assess executive functions (EF) and visuospatial (VS) abilities in the Omani population. This study established demographically adjusted normative data and evaluated the instrument's temporal stability through formal test\u2013retest reliability analyses. A community sample of 138 cognitively intact Omani adults aged 50\u2009years and above was enrolled. The ToK\u2010ArNA consists of 12 problems scored independently for Time and Accuracy. Normative data were generated using multiple linear regression analysis and traditional stratification by sex, age group (50\u201364 vs. \u2265\u200965\u2009years) and education level (0\u20135 vs. \u2265\u20096\u2009years). Test\u2013retest reliability was evaluated in a subsample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) across a 7\u201310\u2009days interval using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Pearson's correlations (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Both age and education level significantly influenced time and accuracy scores across analyses (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with younger and more educated participants performing better. Sex was significantly associated with accuracy scores in the univariate analysis only, where men outperformed women. Test\u2013retest reliability was good for Time scores (ICC\u2009=\u20090.76,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.76,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but moderate for Accuracy scores (ICC\u2009=\u20090.45,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.010). This study provides the first normative framework for the ToK\u2010ArNA, enhancing its clinical diagnostic utility. The findings demonstrate that age and education strongly affect executive performance, highlighting the necessity of demographically adjusted norms. The instrument exhibits acceptable temporal stability, particularly for Omani adults aged 50\u201365\u2009years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:29:50Z","timestamp":1789478990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Towers of Kuwait\u2013Arabic Neurocognitive Assessment (\n                    <scp>ToK<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>ArNA<\/scp>\n                    ): Preliminary normative data and test\u2013retest reliability in Omani adults aged 50\u2009years and above"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar","family":"Alobaidy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sultan Qaboos University Hospital  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0064-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qutouf Ahmed","family":"Al Kindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology Department Eunoia Mental Health Clinic  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3751-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasan","family":"Al Attabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"Al\u2010Ghatrifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Dhaya Jaber","family":"Mohammedallayla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Sultan Qaboos University Hospital  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2024.2418870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u20105th edition","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.102601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010024\u201007806\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1183713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010120710\u2010100422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120961834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610208006741"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108295.2011.02049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29251\/ijpph.2017129"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"New paths to learning for rural children and youth: Nonformal education for rural development","author":"Coombs P. 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