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Experimental manipulations (anaesthesia, temperature) (2.3 and 2.4) have shown that information from foot sole has widespread influence on balance. Foot\u2010sole stimulation (2.5) appears to be a promising approach for rehabilitation. Proprioceptive information (3) has a pre\u2010eminent role in balance and gait. Reflex responses to balance perturbations are produced by both leg and foot muscle stretch (3.1) and show complex interactions with skin input at both spinal and supra\u2010spinal levels (3.2), where sensory feedback is modulated by posture, locomotion and vision. Other muscles, notably of neck and trunk, contribute to kinaesthesia and sense of orientation in space (3.3). The effects of age\u2010related decline of afferent input are variable under different foot\u2010contact and visual conditions (3.4). Muscle force diminishes with age and sarcopenia, affecting intrinsic foot muscles relaying relevant feedback (3.5). In neuropathy (4), reduction in cutaneous sensation accompanies the diminished density of viable receptors (4.1). Loss of foot\u2010sole input goes along with large\u2010fibre dysfunction in intrinsic foot muscles. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of falling, and vision and vestibular compensation strategies may be inadequate (4.2). From Charcot\u2010Marie\u2010Tooth 1A disease (4.3) we have become aware of the role of spindle group II fibres and of the anatomical feet conditions in balance control. Lastly (5) we touch on the effects of nerve stimulation onto cortical and spinal excitability, which may participate in plasticity processes, and on exercise interventions to reduce the impact of neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T22:47:24Z","timestamp":1610664444000},"page":"17-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Cutaneous and muscular afferents from the foot and sensory fusion processing: Physiology and pathology in neuropathies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Felicetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Neuromotor Rehabilitation Institute of Montescano  Pavia 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