{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:13:58Z","timestamp":1790298838743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K43TW011447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K43TW011447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Peripheral Nervous Sys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) exhibits clinical heterogeneity and variable progression. In low\u2010resource settings, malnutrition and limited treatment worsen prognosis, underscoring the need for a simple prognostic tool. This study evaluated the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Nutritional Risk Index (NRI) in relation to GBS severity and long\u2010term outcomes, comparing their predictive value with standard prognostic indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An observational cohort study of 252 GBS patients enrolled between 2019 and 2024 was conducted. PNI and NRI were calculated using serum albumin, lymphocyte count, and body weight. The GBS\u2010disability score (GBS\u2010DS) assessed baseline severity and 26\u2010week outcomes. Statistical analysis included Chi\u2010square tests, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests, Spearman's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and logistic regression to identify predictors. ROC analysis determined optimal PNI cut\u2010offs, confirmed by Kaplan\u2013Meier survival curves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PNI, unlike NRI, was significantly reduced in severe GBS (GBS\u2010DS &gt;\u20093) compared to mild\/moderate GBS (GBS\u2010DS \u2264\u20093). PNI correlated with GBS\u2010DS (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.62), MRC sum score (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.5), hemoglobin (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.53), and neutrophil count (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.35) (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). PNI independently predicted disease severity (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.91;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.036) and 26\u2010week outcomes (OR\u2009=\u20090.93;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033). Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.769 for severity and 0.719 for 26\u2010week outcomes. PNI cut\u2010offs of 49.395 and 45.72 predicted severe GBS and long\u2010term poor outcome, respectively. Kaplan Meier analysis confirmed patients with PNI\u2009&lt;\u200945.72 required a longer time to gain independent locomotion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower PNI, but not NRI, is associated with greater GBS severity and poor long\u2010term outcomes. PNI independently predicted disease severity and 26\u2010week outcomes, with specific cut\u2010offs identifying patients requiring longer recovery, supporting its prognostic utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:39:59Z","timestamp":1761719999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prognostic Nutritional Index as a Biomarker of Disease Severity and Long\u2010Term Outcome in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Pritha Promita","family":"Biswas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israt","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain 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