{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T04:49:05Z","timestamp":1782103745952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013560","name":"GBS\/CIDP Foundation International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Peripheral Nervous Sys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is an acute post\u2010infectious autoimmune neuropathy, frequently triggered by antecedent infections. While climate influences the seasonality and distribution of infections, its role in triggering GBS remains underexplored. We aimed to evaluate the impact of climatic and geographical variations on infections preceding GBS in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five hundred and sixty\u2010six GBS patients were enrolled from four prospective cohorts (2010\u20132024). Antecedent events were recorded within 4\u2009weeks of weakness onset. Meteorological data were retrieved from the World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal (2010\u20132020) and Bangladesh Meteorological Department (2021\u20132024). Patients were categorized by regions (northern, central, southwestern, and eastern), seasons (summer, autumn, winter, spring). Analysis were performed in R using chi\u2010square,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests, Kaplan\u2013Meier, and multivariable logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 566 patients (69% male, median age: 31\u2009years). Antecedent events were reported in 70%, predominantly GE (46%) and URTI (19%). The axonal subtype predominated (64%), with 31% receiving intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. GE was associated with higher disability (GBS\u2010DS\u2009=\u20094, 61% vs. 46%,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=\u20090.014<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and cranial nerve involvement (57% vs. 43%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) compared to URTI. GE peaked during spring (31%) and URTI in winter (35%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009), with no subtype\u2010season association after adjustment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.180). GE occurred more at higher mean temperatures (26.06\u00b0C vs. 25.05\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048) and at higher precipitation (162.65\u2009mm vs. 105.04\u2009mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0001). GE cases correlated positively, while URTI inversely, with temperature (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.185) and precipitation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.053).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Warmer temperature and higher precipitation, particularly spring and summer, favor GE\u2010related GBS. Further studies are warranted to explore climate\u2010sensitive infectious triggers of GBS in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:01:26Z","timestamp":1773014486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Climatic and Geographic Variations of Antecedent Infections in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: A Long\u2010Term Longitudinal Analysis From Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-7254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mantaka","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nowshin","family":"Papri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israt","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoma","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0935-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhahirul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gut\u2010Brain Axis Laboratory Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b  Dhaka 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