{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1715247951867},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,22]],"date-time":"2013-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Science Fund","award":["W 1206-B18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W 1206-B18"]}]},{"name":"Tyrolean Science Fund, the Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria of Spain","award":["PI11\/00464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI11\/00464"]}]},{"name":"TERCEL funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Peripheral Nervous Sys"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral nerve injury triggers the activation of the small <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTPase RhoA<\/jats:styled-content> in spinal motor and peripheral sensory neurons. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C3<\/jats:styled-content> transferase, an exoenzyme produced by <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic> that inactivates <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RhoA<\/jats:styled-content> by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ribosylation, has been successfully applied in central nervous system (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>) lesion models to facilitate regeneration functionally and morphologically. Until now it has not been demonstrated if C3<jats:sub>bot<\/jats:sub> exerts positive effects on peripheral axon regeneration as well. In organotypic spinal cord preparations, C3<jats:sub>bot<\/jats:sub> reduced axonal growth of motoneurons, while no effect on sensory axon outgrowth from dorsal root ganglia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRG<\/jats:styled-content>) explants was observed. Enzymatically inactive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C3<jats:sub>E174Q<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> was ineffective in both culture models. Spinal cord slices exhibited a significant increase in microglia\/macrophages after treatment with C3<jats:sub>bot<\/jats:sub> suggesting an inflammatory component in the inhibition of axon growth. C3<jats:sub>bot<\/jats:sub> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C3<jats:sub>E174Q<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> were then applied into conduits implanted after transection of the sciatic nerve in rats. Functional evaluation by electrophysiology, nociception, and walking track tests did not show any significant difference between groups with active or mutant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C3<jats:sub>E174Q<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>. Transmission electron microscopy of the regenerated nerves revealed no significant differences in the number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons 6 weeks after surgery. Compared to the CNS, the functional significance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RhoA<\/jats:styled-content> may be limited during nerve regeneration in a growth\u2010promoting environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,23]],"date-time":"2013-03-23T06:30:10Z","timestamp":1364020210000},"page":"30-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<scp>C3<\/scp> exoenzyme lacks effects on peripheral axon regeneration <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Auer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroanatomy Innsbruck Medical University  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilary","family":"Allodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERNED  Bellaterra 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