{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:11:07Z","timestamp":1789989067989,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,21]],"date-time":"2015-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Nursing Scholarship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study tested the effectiveness of a pressure ulcer (PU) prevention bundle in reducing the incidence of PUs in critically ill patients in two Saudi intensive care units (ICUs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two\u2010arm cluster randomized experimental control trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the intervention group received the PU prevention bundle, while the control group received standard skin care as per the local ICU policies. Data collected included demographic variables (age, diagnosis, comorbidities, admission trajectory, length of stay) and clinical variables (Braden Scale score, severity of organ function score, mechanical ventilation, PU presence, and staging). All patients were followed every two days from admission through to discharge, death, or up to a maximum of 28 days. Data were analyzed with descriptive correlation statistics, Kaplan\u2010Meier survival analysis, and Poisson regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total number of participants recruited was 140: 70 control participants (with a total of 728 days of observation) and 70 intervention participants (784 days of observation). PU cumulative incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group (7.14%) compared to the control group (32.86%). Poisson regression revealed the likelihood of PU development was 70% lower in the intervention group. The intervention group had significantly less Stage I (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .002) and Stage II PU development (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .026).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant improvements were observed in PU\u2010related outcomes with the implementation of the PU prevention bundle in the ICU; PU incidence, severity, and total number of PUs per patient were reduced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Utilizing a bundle approach and standardized nursing language through skin assessment and translation of the knowledge to practice has the potential to impact positively on the quality of care and patient outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T16:35:25Z","timestamp":1427214925000},"page":"237-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["A Two\u2010Arm Cluster Randomized Control Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a Pressure Ulcer Prevention Bundle for Critically Ill Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Nahla","family":"Tayyib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and Lecturer. School of Nursing, Umm Al\u2010Qura University  Mecca Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Coyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of Academic Programs, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia, and Research Fellow, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane &amp; Women's Hospital  Herston QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Undergraduate Course Coordinator, School of Nursing Queensland University of Technology  Kelvin Grove QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2009.00593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860607313145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-700-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2013722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","article-title":"Reducing pressure injury for critically ill patients using an interventional patient skin integrity care bundle in a high risk environment","author":"Coyer F.","journal-title":"American Journal of Critical Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12026"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2008.17.4.328","article-title":"Quality improvement program to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit","volume":"17","author":"Elliott R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Critical Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2272012051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. 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