{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:02:39Z","timestamp":1791957759810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["T32-HDO64428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HDO64428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Nursing Scholarship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to determine gender and race variations in regards to the influence of religious involvement (RI) as a moderator of the effects of early traumatic stress (ETS) on health\u2010related quality of life among adult survivors of child abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional predictive design was used to study Seventh\u2010day Adventist adults in North America (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 10,283).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A secondary analysis of data collected via questionnaires was done using multiple regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data revealed that women had a significantly higher prevalence of any or all ETS subtypes, except for physical abuse prevalence, which was the same for both genders. Blacks reported a significantly higher prevalence of at least one ETS subtype than did Whites, except for neglect, where Whites had a higher prevalence. Exposure to at least one ETS subtype was associated with worse negative effect on mental health (B = \u20122.08, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001 vs. B = \u20121.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001) and physical health (B = \u20122.01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001 vs. B = \u20121.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001) for women compared to men. Among those exposed to all ETS subtypes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 447), Whites had significant worse physical health, with White women having almost two times the negative effect on physical health (B = \u20124.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001) than White men (B = \u20122.87, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05). As for RI moderation, based on tests of three\u2010way interactions of race\u2013RI\u2013ETS, there were no associated differences. However, tests of three\u2010way interactions of gender\u2013RI\u2013ETS showed a significant buffering effect. Among those with high levels of negative religious coping (RC), women exposed to ETS had significantly worse physical health (B = \u20121.28) than men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results give evidence of gender and racial differences on the magnitude of the ETS\u2013health effect, as well as gender differences in ETS\u2013health buffering by RC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest gender and racial differences must be considered when devising holistic nursing interventions for improving health outcomes of early trauma survivors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T22:20:50Z","timestamp":1434406850000},"page":"318-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gender and Race Variations in the Intersection of Religious Involvement, Early Trauma, and Adult Health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Katia G.","family":"Reinert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kappa, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn C.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anna D. 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