{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:51:00Z","timestamp":1790412660201,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Nursing Scholarship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic liver disease affects over 30 million people worldwide, and despite advances in medical management that have increased survival, a majority of these individuals report multiple symptoms that severely impair function and quality of life. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine and summarize the current literature focused on self\u2010reported symptoms in individuals with chronic liver disease in order to inform the development and delivery of symptom management strategies in clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combinations of search terms related to the symptom experience were used to search three electronic databases. Inclusion criteria were empirical studies that measured self\u2010reported symptoms in populations with chronic liver disease published in English between 2003 and 2014. The literature search initially yielded 112 results; 26 quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The symptom of fatigue was commonly reported across chronic liver disease populations and was often found to co\u2010occur with other distressing symptoms, including depression, sleep disturbance, pain, cognitive impairment, and dizziness associated with autonomic dysfunction. Due to the high prevalence and persistence of these \u201ccore\u201d symptoms, the use of core symptom measures integrated longitudinally across populations would inform the development and delivery of symptom management interventions as well as enhance the ability of nurses to incorporate population\u2010level symptom management programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nurses play an important role in symptom assessment and may use the findings from the integrative review to incorporate core symptom measures across chronic liver disease populations and advance the development and delivery of symptom management interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T22:20:31Z","timestamp":1434406831000},"page":"310-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Integrative Review of Co\u2010Occurring Symptoms Across Etiologies of Chronic Liver Disease and Implications for Symptom Management Research and Practice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Kyungeh","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<i>Gamma Omega<\/i>, Associate Professor Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing  Richmond VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Jallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<i>Gamma Omega<\/i>, Assistant Professor Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing  Richmond VA 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