{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:40:33Z","timestamp":1791891633557,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Nursing Scholarship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To discuss the effects of forced displacement on maternal and child health, highlight the major pitfalls in delivering humanitarian services to this vulnerable group, and underscore the need for multilayered interventions to improve health, protect rights, and reduce vulnerabilities during forced displacements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was undertaken from databases including Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CINAHL<\/jats:styled-content>),<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EBSCO<\/jats:styled-content>host, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest. No restrictions were placed on geographical region, type, and year of publication. The key words used were displacement, children, women, health, challenges, disaster response, emergency medicine, terrorism, maladjustment, morbidity, disaster response, cultural sensitivity, and interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forced displacement negatively affects maternal and child health. The key challenges during forced displacement include food insecurity, lack of shelter, unavailability of clean water and sanitation, poor infrastructure of healthcare services, unavailability of birth attendants and healthcare professionals to manage medical emergencies, inaccessibility to educational and training facilities, and lack of cultural sensitivity of humanitarian workers. The ultimate outcome of forced displacement is a sudden rise in maternal and child mortality and morbidity, maladjustment, psychological issues, altered familial roles, displaced parenting, and vulnerability to exploitation. In view of Bronfenbrenner's socio\u2010ecological framework, multilayered interventions are proposed to improve maternal and child health during forced displacements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In view of the effects of forced displacement on maternal and child health and considering the major pitfalls in the delivery of humanitarian services to this vulnerable group, the proposed multilayered interventions can improve health, protect rights, and reduce vulnerabilities surrounding maternal and child health during forced displacements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T17:48:53Z","timestamp":1549561733000},"page":"252-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Maternal and Child Health During Forced Displacement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1981-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shela Akbar Ali","family":"Hirani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rho Delta, PhD Candidate, University of Alberta Faculty of Nursing Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solina","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mu Sigma, Professor University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fes007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13575279.2013.785936"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tog.12224"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346150003700309"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7717.00181"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Creative arts and play therapy for attachment problems","author":"Baggerly J. N.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/feu001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260802090363"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512453253"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2012.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Child friendly spaces: Protecting and supporting children in emergency response and recovery","volume":"29","author":"Davie S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Emergency Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/741921949"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","unstructured":"Ennab F.(2017).Being involved in uninvolved contexts: Refugee parent involvement in children's education.Winnipeg Manitoba Canada:Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/Manitoba%20Office\/2017\/04\/Refugee_parent_involvement.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306396804045512"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"584","article-title":"Abuse of power: Sexual exploitation of refugee women and girls","volume":"40","author":"Ferris E. G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","unstructured":"The Fund for Peace. (2018).Fragile states index: Global data. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/fundforpeace.org\/fsi\/data\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2004.05.001","article-title":"Status of women and infants in complex humanitarian emergencies","volume":"49","author":"Gasseer N. A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/2471-9803.100037"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446294758.n19"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01239.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","article-title":"Displaced and dispossessed: Caring for the world's refugees","volume":"34","author":"Hirani S. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reflections on Nursing Leadership"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2014.901012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60380-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2015).Unseen unheard: Gender\u2010based violence in disasters. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/Global\/Documents\/Secretariat\/201511\/1297700_GBV_in_Disasters_EN_LR2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","volume-title":"Suicide and self\u2010harm among refugees and asylum seekers","author":"Joshi P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/isqu.12121"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090292"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/jfs.2013.19.3.297"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/1756-3488.2015.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/16.8.e65"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","unstructured":"Lansky S. R.(2014).My brother before me: The role and experience of local humanitarian aid workers in eastern Cameroon. Anthropology Honors Projects paper 22. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/digitalcommons.macalester.edu\/anth_honors\/22"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fet045"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","volume-title":"Managing the environmental health aspects of disasters: Water, human excreta and shelter. The public health consequences of disasters","author":"Lillibridge S. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9877-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615788"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Resilience in displacement? Building the potential of Afghan displaced women","volume":"4","author":"Majidi N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Displacement"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0299-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","unstructured":"Mitchell H.(2017).The distinction between asylum seekers and refugees. Immigration system asylum & policy: MW 70. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.migrationwatchuk.org\/briefing-paper\/70"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010054"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1630"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13598540610652492"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","first-page":"244","article-title":"Factors associated with malnutrition among children in internally displaced person's camps, northern Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Olwedo M. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7717.00089"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12167"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"Children, armed conflict, and genocide: Applying the law of genocide to the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict","volume":"19","author":"Ray J. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Barry Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","first-page":"1826.","article-title":"A new clinic model for refugee health care: Adaptation of cultural safety","volume":"12","author":"Reavy K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rural and Remote Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21665044.2016.1263519"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60050-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069207"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.2010.00629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20438"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Learning for a future: Refugee education in developing countries","author":"Sinclair M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihs014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","volume-title":"Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response","author":"Sphere Project","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61094-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089359"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","unstructured":"United Nations. (2015).Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/post2015\/transformingourworld"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2015).Worldwide displacement hits all\u2010time high as war and persecution increase. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/558193896.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000494411205600203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(12)40648-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Trafficking risks for refugees","volume":"7","author":"Wilson A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Societies Without Borders"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2010).Public health risk assessment and interventions\u2010Earthquake: Haiti. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/diseasecontrol_emergencies\/publications\/haiti_earthquake_20100118.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Women's, children's, and adolescents\u2019 health in humanitarian and other crises","volume":"351","author":"Zeid S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nursing Scholarship"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjnu.12460","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnu.12460","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jnu.12460","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jnu.12460","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T16:40:50Z","timestamp":1720975250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jnu.12460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jnu.12460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnu.12460","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-6546","1547-5069"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-6546","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-5069","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}