{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:57:09Z","timestamp":1787860629355,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["sigmapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Nursing Scholarship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal opioid exposure (POE) is a major public health consequence of the opioid epidemic. Long\u2010term health outcomes associated with POE remain unclear, especially for children with POE without a diagnosis of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Here, we aimed to describe the health outcomes of children with POE and with POE and NAS compared to unexposed children during the first 7\u2009years of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective observational cohort study, children born between 2015 and 2022 were identified from the Maternal and Infant Data Hub (MIDH), a data repository that continuously integrates maternal, neonatal, and pediatric records from two academic medical centers and one pediatric hospital system in the Midwest, USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD\u201010 CM) chapters A00\u2010N99 served as outcomes of interest. Annual incidence and crude incidence rate ratios were calculated to explore descriptive differences between the exposed and unexposed groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included 22,002 children, 20,130 (91.5%) of whom were unexposed and 1872 (8.5%) were exposed. Of the 1872 exposed children, 371 (19.8%) received a diagnosis of NAS (POE\u2009+\u2009NAS) and 1501 were in the POE\u2010NAS group. Across all 7\u2009years, exposed children had a higher incidence of diagnoses in most ICD\u201010 CM chapters compared to unexposed children. A consistently higher incidence rate ratio of diagnosis was observed in both POE\u2010NAS and POE\u2009+\u2009NAS groups (vs. unexposed) related to mental and behavioral disorders, eye diagnoses, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system and gastrointestinal systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>POE is associated with an increased risk of diagnoses in a number of ICD\u201010 CM chapters throughout childhood. These findings underscore the need for early screening and targeted interventions to support exposed children and improve their well\u2010being. Further research is required to explore underlying mechanisms and develop preventive measures for at\u2010risk populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the conditions more often diagnosed in children with prenatal opioid exposure will help to improve care provided to this population. As a result of study findings, nurses who provide care to children with prenatal opioid exposure can prioritize their assessments and allocate time, resources, and education toward areas more likely to be affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.13000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T03:49:26Z","timestamp":1719028166000},"page":"767-779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health outcomes in children with prenatal opioid exposure with and without neonatal abstinence syndrome in the first seven years of life: An observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Arter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Miami University  Hamilton Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Duah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teenu","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon E.","family":"Sprague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science Bowling Green State University  Bowling Green Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903221139840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2021.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010022\u201002279\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46439\/pediatrics.2.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019\u20100128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995\u2010023\u201003678\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Dowle M. &Srinivasan A.(2018).Data.Table: Extension of \u2018data.Frame\u2019. 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