{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T13:35:33Z","timestamp":1791120933055,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]],"date-time":"2012-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The morphology of cutaneous sensory and autonomic innervation in human trigeminal territory is still unknown. The aim of this study is to describe facial cutaneous innervation using skin biopsy. This new tool could be useful in understanding the mechanisms underlying several facial pain conditions. In 30 healthy subjects, we quantified epidermal nerve fibers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENF<\/jats:styled-content>s) and dermal myelinated fibers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MF<\/jats:styled-content>s) in V1, V2 and V3, using indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy applied to 2\u2010mm punch skin biopsies from areas adjacent to the eyebrow, upper and lower lip. Using selective markers, we also evaluated the distribution of peptidergic, cholinergic and noradrenergic fibers. Facial skin appeared abundantly innervated and rich in annexes. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ENF<\/jats:styled-content> density decreased and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MF<\/jats:styled-content> density increased, moving from the supraorbital to the perioral skin. Noradrenergic sudomotor fibers were particularly and constantly expressed compared with other body sites. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide\u2010immunoreactive (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ir) fibers appeared peculiar for their constant presence in the subepidermal neural plexus\u00a0\u2013\u00a0in close contact, but without colocalization with calcitonin gene related peptide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CGRP<\/jats:styled-content>) and substance <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ub\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010ir fibers. Finally, in perioral skin samples, we observed striated muscle fibers with their motor nerves and motor endplates. Our work provides the first morphological study of human facial cutaneous innervation, highlighting some unique features of this territory. Quantification of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers on 2\u2010mm punch biopsies appeared to be feasible and reliable. Facial skin biopsy may be a new approach with which to study and to better characterize facial pain syndromes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,19]],"date-time":"2012-10-19T02:16:58Z","timestamp":1350613018000},"page":"161-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Cutaneous innervation of the human face as assessed by skin biopsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Nolano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018Salvatore Maugeri\u2019 Foundation IRCCS Medical Center of Telese Terme (BN) Telese Terme Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Provitera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018Salvatore Maugeri\u2019 Foundation IRCCS Medical Center of Telese Terme (BN) Telese Terme 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