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At the microscopic level, in histological thin sections, the only features that can be used reliably for identifying tendon\u2013bone or muscle\u2013tendon\u2010bone interactions are <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>harpey's fibers. Muscles, however, do not only attach to the bone indirectly with tendons, but also directly. Previous studies failed to provide new indicators for muscle attachment, or to address the question of whether muscles with direct attachment can be identified histologically. However, histological identification of direct muscle attachments is important because these attachments do not leave visible marks (e.g. scars and rugosities) on the bone surface. We dissected the right hind limb and mapped the muscle attachment sites on the femur of one rabbit (<jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/jats:italic>), one <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>, and one turkey (<jats:italic>Meleagris cuniculus<\/jats:italic>). We then extracted the femur and prepared four histological thin sections for the rabbit and the turkey and five histological thin sections for the alligator. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>harpey's fibers, vascular canal orientation, and a frayed periosteal margin can be indicators for indirect but also direct muscle attachment. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>harpey's fibers can be oriented to the cutting plane of the thin section at high angles, and two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>harpey's fibers orientations can occur in one area, possibly indicating a secondary force axis. However, only about 60% of mapped muscle attachment sites could be detected in thin sections, and frequently histological features suggestive of muscle attachment occurred outside mapped sites. While these insights should improve our ability to successfully identify and reconstruct muscles in extinct species, they also show the limitations of this approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,26]],"date-time":"2013-02-26T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1361852249000},"page":"419-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Histological evidence for muscle insertion in extant amniote femora: implications for muscle reconstruction in fossils"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Holger","family":"Petermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology University of Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleontology University of Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"B. 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