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Some recent embryological studies, however, revealed that this element might represent an enlarged fifth distal tarsal. We herein provide extensive new myological and developmental observations on the hooked element of turtles, and re\u2010evaluate its primary and secondary homology using all available lines of evidence. Digital count and timing of development are uninformative. However, extensive myological, embryological and topological data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hooked element of turtles represents a fusion of the fifth distal tarsal with the fifth metatarsal, but that the fifth distal tarsal dominates the hooked element in pleurodiran turtles, whereas the fifth metatarsal dominates the hooked element of cryptodiran turtles. The term \u2018ansulate bone\u2019 is proposed to refer to hooked elements that result from the fusion of these two bones. The available phylogenetic and fossil data are currently insufficient to clarify the secondary homology of hooked elements within <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>eptilia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T15:34:10Z","timestamp":1381246450000},"page":"421-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The hooked element in the pes of turtles (<scp>T<\/scp>estudines): a global approach to exploring primary and secondary homology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Walter G.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingmar","family":"Werneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Pal\u00e4ontologisches Institut und Museum Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler R.","family":"Lyson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Patrones de osificaci\u00f3n en tupinambis merianae y tupinambis rufescens (Squamata: Teiidae) y patrones generales en Squamata","volume":"20","author":"Arias F","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cuadernos de Herpetolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3099\/0006-9698-518.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Anatome testudines europaeae. 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