{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:36:34Z","timestamp":1778837794975,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,5]],"date-time":"2014-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The granulocyte colony\u2010stimulating factor (G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>), being a member of the hematopoietic growth factor family, is also critically involved in controlling proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Treatment with G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> has been shown to result in substantial neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects in various experimental models of acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system. Although G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> has been tested in a clinical study for treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is only fragmentary data on the distribution of this cytokine and its receptor in the human brain. Therefore, the present study was focused on the immunohistochemical analysis of the protein expression of G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> and its receptor (G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> R) in the adult human brain. Since G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> has been shown not only to exert neuroprotective effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>) but also to be a candidate for clinical treatment, we have also placed an emphasis on the regulation of these molecules in this neurodegenerative disease. One major finding is that both G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> and G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> R were ubiquitously but not uniformly expressed in neurons throughout the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>. Protein expression of G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> and G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> R was not restricted to neurons but was also detectable in astrocytes, ependymal cells, and choroid plexus cells. However, the distribution of G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> and G\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> R did not substantially differ between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content> brains and control, even in the hippocampus, where early neurodegenerative changes typically occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,6]],"date-time":"2014-01-06T03:20:55Z","timestamp":1388978455000},"page":"377-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Distribution of the hematopoietic growth factor <scp>G<\/scp>\u2010<scp>CSF<\/scp> and its receptor in the adult human brain with specific reference to <scp>A<\/scp>lzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Sami","family":"Ridwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrike","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Frauenknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyra","family":"Hefti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz 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