{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:46:23Z","timestamp":1791999983224,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The axial musculoskeletal system of quadrupedal mammals is not currently well understood despite its functional importance in terms of facilitating postural stability and locomotion. Here we examined the detailed architecture of the muscles of the vertebral column of two breeds of dog, the Staffordshire bull terrier (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBT<\/jats:styled-content>) and the racing greyhound, which have been selectively bred for physical combat and high speed sprint performance, respectively. Dissections of the epaxial musculature of nine racing greyhounds and six <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SBT<\/jats:styled-content>s were carried out; muscle mass, length, and fascicle lengths were measured and used to calculate muscle physiological cross\u2010sectional area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content>), and to estimate maximum muscle potential for force, work and power production. The longissimus dorsi muscle was found to have a high propensity for force production in both breeds of dog; however, when considered in combination with the iliocostalis lumborum muscle it showed enhanced potential for production of power and facilitating spinal extension during galloping gaits. This was particularly the case in the greyhound, where the m. longissimus dorsi and the m. iliocostalis lumborum were estimated to have the potential to augment hindlimb muscle power by ca. 12%. Breed differences were found within various other muscles of the axial musculoskeletal system, particularly in the cranial cervical muscles and also the deep muscles of the thorax which insert on the ribs. These may also highlight key functional adaptations between the two breeds of dog, which have been selectively bred for particular purposes. Additionally, in both breeds of dog, we illustrate specialisation of muscle function by spinal region, with differences in both mass and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCSA<\/jats:styled-content> found between muscles at varying levels of the axial musculoskeletal system, and between muscle functional groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T12:43:58Z","timestamp":1402404238000},"page":"317-327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Comparative functional anatomy of the epaxial musculature of dogs (<i><scp>C<\/scp>anis familiaris<\/i>) bred for sprinting vs. fighting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing &amp; Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny E.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Chichester Chichester West Sussex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Channon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.5.2105","article-title":"Force\u2010velocity shifts with repetitive isometric and isotonic contractions of canine gastrocnemius in situ","volume":"73","author":"Ameredes BT","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.21.3601","article-title":"The mechanical power output of the flight muscles of blue\u2010breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) during take\u2010off","volume":"204","author":"Askew GN","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1984.56.2.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.1.242","article-title":"Do canine scalene and sternomastoid muscles play a role in breathing?","volume":"76","author":"Troyer A","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051650106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.67.4.30163866"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1377246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1999.19420207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.603be.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00689.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Density and composition of mammalian muscle","volume":"9","author":"Mendez J","year":"1960","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01383.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2003.00512.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.22.2861","article-title":"Work and power output in the hindlimb muscles of Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis during jumping","volume":"200","author":"Peplowski MM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.2.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X273675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.17.3053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05436.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1984.tb00260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.020248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.039487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative biological\u2010anatomical investigations on the vertebral column and spinal musculature of mammals","volume":"45","author":"Slijper EJ","year":"1946","journal-title":"Proc Kon Ned Akad Wetenschap"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/438753a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478061507812126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"511","volume-title":"Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion","author":"Weis\u2010Fogh T","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.083667"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0360"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/421035a"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjoa.12208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjoa.12208","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.12208","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T11:38:40Z","timestamp":1696160320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.12208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.12208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12208","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-06-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}