{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:58:01Z","timestamp":1789739881847,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]],"date-time":"2014-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology in Flanders"},{"name":"Research Program of the Fund for Scientific Research - Flanders (Belgium)"},{"name":"Research Fund KU Leuven"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The human external ears, or pinnae, have an intriguing shape and, like most parts of the human external body, bilateral symmetry is observed between left and right. It is a well\u2010known part of our auditory sensory system and mediates the spatial localization of incoming sounds in 3D from monaural cues due to its shape\u2010specific filtering as well as binaural cues due to the paired bilateral locations of the left and right ears. Another less broadly appreciated aspect of the human pinna shape is its uniqueness from one individual to another, which is on the level of what is seen in fingerprints and facial features. This makes pinnae very useful in human identification, which is of great interest in biometrics and forensics. Anatomically, the type of symmetry observed is known as matching symmetry, with structures present as separate mirror copies on both sides of the body, and in this work we report the first such investigation of the human pinna in 3D. Within the framework of geometric morphometrics, we started by partitioning ear shape, represented in a spatially dense way, into patterns of symmetry and asymmetry, following a two\u2010factor\n                    <jats:sc>anova<\/jats:sc>\n                    design. Matching symmetry was measured in all substructures of the pinna anatomy. However, substructures that \u2018stick out\u2019 such as the helix, tragus, and lobule also contained a fair degree of asymmetry. In contrast, substructures such as the conchae, antitragus, and antihelix expressed relatively stronger degrees of symmetric variation in relation to their levels of asymmetry. Insights gained from this study were injected into an accompanying identification setup exploiting matching symmetry where improved performance is demonstrated. Finally, possible implications of the results in the context of ear recognition as well as sound localization are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]],"date-time":"2014-11-09T21:52:33Z","timestamp":1415569953000},"page":"60-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An investigation of matching symmetry in the human pinnae with possible implications for 3D ear recognition and sound localization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Claes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Computing, ESAT\/PSI Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Medical Imaging Research Center, iMinds, Medical IT Department UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Reijniers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Shriver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonatan","family":"Snyders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Computing, ESAT\/PSI Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Medical Imaging Research Center, iMinds, Medical IT Department UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Suetens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Computing, ESAT\/PSI Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Medical Imaging Research Center, iMinds, Medical IT Department UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Nielandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Database, Document and Content Management Research Group Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"De Tr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Database, Document and Content Management Research Group Ghent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Vandermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Image Computing, ESAT\/PSI Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Medical Imaging Research Center, iMinds, Medical IT Department UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbazaA RossA(2010)Towards understanding the symmetry of Human ears: A biometric perspective. 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