{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:17:54Z","timestamp":1791249474762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dinosaur Research Institute"},{"name":"NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tooth counts are commonly recorded in fossil diapsid reptiles and have been used for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes under the assumption that differences in the number of teeth are largely explained by interspecific variation. Although phylogeny is almost certainly one of the greatest factors influencing tooth count, the relative role of intraspecific variation is difficult, and often impossible, to test in the fossil record given the sample sizes available to palaeontologists and, as such, is best investigated using extant models. Intraspecific variation (largely manifested as size\u2010related or ontogenetic variation) in tooth counts has been examined in extant squamates (lizards and snakes) but is poorly understood in archosaurs (crocodylians and dinosaurs). Here, we document tooth count variation in two species of extant crocodylians (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic>) as well as a large varanid lizard (<jats:italic>Varanus komodoensis<\/jats:italic>). We test the hypothesis that variation in tooth count is driven primarily by growth and thus predict significant correlations between tooth count and size, as well as differences in the frequency of deviation from the modal tooth count in the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary. In addition to tooth counts, we also document tooth allometry in each species and compare these results with tooth count change through growth. Results reveal no correlation of tooth count with size in any element of any species examined here, with the exception of the premaxilla of <jats:italic>C.\u00a0porosus<\/jats:italic>, which shows the loss of one tooth position. Based on the taxa examined here, we reject the hypothesis, as it is evident that variation in tooth count is not always significantly correlated with growth. However, growth trajectories of smaller reptilian taxa show increases in tooth counts and, although current samples are small, suggest potential correlates between tooth count trajectories and adult size. Nevertheless, interspecific variation in growth patterns underscores the importance of considering and understanding growth when constructing taxonomic and phylogenetic characters, in particular for fossil taxa where ontogenetic patterns are difficult to reconstruct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]],"date-time":"2015-02-16T15:43:30Z","timestamp":1424101410000},"page":"322-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Tooth counts through growth in diapsid reptiles: implications for interpreting individual and size\u2010related variation in the fossil record"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Caleb Marshall","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collin S.","family":"VanBuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek W.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin S.","family":"Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s E.","family":"Campione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeobiology Programme Department of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Subdepartment of Evolution and Development Department of Organismal Biology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Vavrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"Tooth form, growth, and function in Triassic rhynchosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida)","volume":"27","author":"Benton MJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrinkKS ReiszRR(2014)Hidden dental diversity in the oldest terrestrial apex predatorDimetrodon.Nature Communications 5 Article number: 3269 doi:10.1038\/ncomms4269.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2011.630927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608377.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"1963 J. S. Cooper Dental anatomy of the genus Lacerta . Ph.D. dissertation"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1966.tb03006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1970.tb01259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada","volume":"48","author":"Currie PJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol Pol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511608377.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1444823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"929","article-title":"Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in Protoceratops","volume":"50","author":"Dodson P","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"Edmund AG","year":"1960","journal-title":"Contrib Life Sci Div, R Ont Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"1","volume":"56","author":"Edmund AG","year":"1962","journal-title":"Contrib Life Sci Div, R Ont Mus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1984.10011989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-013-1107-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Size, shape and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth","volume":"16","author":"Farlow JO","year":"1991","journal-title":"Modern Geol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FoxRC(1990)The succession of Paleocene mammals in western Canada. Dawn of the age of mammals in the northern part of the Rocky Mountain interior North America.Geol Soc Am Spec Publ243 51\u201370.","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE243-p51"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"48, 895","article-title":"Size variability of the teeth in living mammals and the diagnosis of closely related sympatric fossil species","author":"Gingerich PD","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Paleontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.276.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1564771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Tooth enamel microstructure of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowkisaurus (Reptilia:Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Group, USA: implications for function, growth, and phylogeny","volume":"16","author":"Heckert AB","year":"2013","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3759.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs","volume":"15","author":"Holtz TR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gaia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"HuwaldtJA(2014)Plot Digitizer."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3931.2009.00194.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 4; Morphology D","author":"Iordansky NN","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"18; 176","article-title":"A long term study of the tooth replacement phenomenon in the young green iguana, Iguana iguana","author":"Kline LW","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051100302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2011.579023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/E08-070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology","author":"Larson P","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2012.624145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology","volume":"109","author":"Madsen JH","year":"1976","journal-title":"Utah Geol Survey Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1987.10011647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"The Alligator's Life History","author":"McIlhenny EA","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02595.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Familie der Warane (Varanidae) Zweiter Teil: der Schadel","volume":"462","author":"Mertens R","year":"1942","journal-title":"Abh Senckenberg Nat Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2013.809358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Comparative dentition in four iguanid lizards","volume":"24","author":"Montanucci RR","year":"1968","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","volume-title":"Evolution of Mammalian Molar Teeth: To and from the Triangular Type Including Collected and Revised Researches Trituberculy and New Sections on the Forms and Homologies of the Molar Teeth in the Different Orders of Mammals","author":"Osborn HF","year":"1907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2007.00272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"R Core Development Team(2013)R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 3.0.2.Vienna Austria:R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1565532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Variation in the number of marginal tooth positions in three species of iguanid lizards","volume":"236","author":"Ray CE","year":"1965","journal-title":"Breviora"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[1021:AASOVW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5423.2137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-008-0402-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(97)01257-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1670\/0022-1511(2007)41[528:HGOMTI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10880"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","first-page":"11,475","article-title":"The oldest known metriorhynchid super\u2010predator: a new genus and species from the Middle Jurassic of England, with implications for serration and mandibular evolution in predacious clades","author":"Young MT","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Syst Paleontol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjoa.12280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjoa.12280","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/joa.12280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T18:41:54Z","timestamp":1696185714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/joa.12280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/joa.12280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12280","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8782","1469-7580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8782","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-02-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}