{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:11:30Z","timestamp":1787015490104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Howard University College of Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Signaling for limb bone development usually precedes that for muscle development, such that cartilage is generally present before muscle formation. It remains obscure, however, if: (i) tetrapods share a general, predictable spatial correlation between bones and muscles; and, if that is the case, if (ii) such a correlation would reflect an obligatory association between the signaling involved in skeletal and muscle morphogenesis. We address these issues here by using the results of a multidisciplinary analysis of the appendicular muscles of all major tetrapod groups integrating dissections, muscle antibody stainings, regenerative and ontogenetic analyses of fluorescently\u2010labeled (GFP) animals, and studies of non\u2010pentadactyl human limbs related to birth defects. Our synthesis suggests that there is a consistent, surprising anatomical pattern in both normal and abnormal phenotypes, in which the identity and attachments of distal limb muscles are mainly related to the topological position, and not to the developmental primordium (anlage) or even the homeotic identity, of the digits to which they are attached. This synthesis is therefore a starting point towards the resolution of a centuries\u2010old question raised by authors such as Owen about the specific associations between limb bones and muscles. This question has crucial implications for evolutionary and developmental biology, and for human medicine because non\u2010pentadactyly is the most common birth defect in human limbs. In particular, this synthesis paves the way for future developmental experimental and mechanistic studies, which are needed to clarify the processes that may be involved in the elaboration of the anatomical patterns described here, and to specifically test the hypothesis that distal limb muscle identity\/attachment is mainly related to digit topology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T06:09:25Z","timestamp":1428386965000},"page":"523-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Towards the resolution of a long\u2010standing evolutionary question: muscle identity and attachments are mainly related to topological position and not to primordium or homeotic identity of digits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Diogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art as Applied to Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine M.","family":"Ziermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo\u2010CONICET Fac. de Cs. 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