{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:54:01Z","timestamp":1787788441712,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012070","name":"Anatomical Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cranial foramina are holes within the skull, formed during development, allowing entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves. Once formed they must remain open, due to the vital structures they contain, i.e. optic nerves, jugular vein, carotid artery, and other cranial nerves and blood vessels. Understanding cranial foramina development is essential as cranial malformations lead to the stenosis or complete closure of these structures, resulting in blindness, deafness, facial paralysis, raised intracranial pressure and lethality. Here we focus on describing early events in the formation of the jugular, carotid and hypoglossal cranial foramina that form in the mesoderm\u2010derived, endochondral occipital bones at the base of the embryonic chick skull. Whole\u2010mount skeletal staining of skulls indicates the appearance of these foramina from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HH<\/jats:styled-content>32\/D7.5 onwards. Haematoxylin &amp; eosin staining of sections shows that the intimately associated mesenchyme, neighbouring the contents of these cranial foramina, is initially very dense and gradually becomes sparser as development proceeds. Histological examination also revealed that these foramina initially contain relatively large\u2010diameter nerves, which later become refined, and are closely associated with the blood vessel, which they also innervate within the confines of the foramina. Interestingly cranial foramina in the base of the skull contain blood vessels lacking smooth muscle actin, which suggests these blood vessels belong to glomus body structures within the foramina. The blood vessel shape also appears to dictate the overall shape of the resulting foramina. We initially hypothesised that cranial foramina development could involve targeted proliferation and local apoptosis to cause \u2018mesenchymal clearing\u2019 and the creation of cavities in a mechanism similar to joint cavitation. We find that this is not the case, and propose that a mechanism reliant upon local nerve\/blood vessel\u2010derived restriction of ossification may contribute to foramina formation during cranial development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T06:16:35Z","timestamp":1432188995000},"page":"560-574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Occipital foramina development involves localised regulation of mesenchyme proliferation and is independent of apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Sophia E.","family":"Akbareian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Pitsillides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond G.","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imelda M.","family":"McGonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.002709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1017802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.10015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Nomina Anatomica Avium; An Annotated Anatomical Dictionary of Birds","author":"Baumel JJ","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"The Development of the Vertebrate Skull","author":"Beer GR","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(00)00094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20134"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"The formation of human synovial joint cavities: a possible role for hyaluronan and CD44 in altered interzone cohesion","volume":"185","author":"Edwards JC","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.1.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton","author":"Gentry Steele D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61090-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2000.19740659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903480405"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.40.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbir.2002.0918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1631288100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Anatomy of the Domestic Birds","author":"Nickel RR","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00473.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Anatomy of Domestic Animals. 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