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The evolutionary dimension was confirmed by finds of fossil synapsids, mainly from the Karroo of South Africa. In 1913, Ernst Gaupp was the first to present a synthesis of the available embryological and paleontological data, but a number of morphological details remained to be solved, such as the origin of the tympanic membrane. Gaupp favoured an independent origin of the eardrum in anurans, sauropsids, and mammals; we support most of his ideas. The present review emphasizes the problem of how the mammalian middle ear structures that developed at the angle of the lower jaw were transferred to the basicranium; the ontogenesis of extant marsupials provides important information on this question.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T13:54:29Z","timestamp":1443016469000},"page":"270-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Evolution of the mammalian middle ear: a historical review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Evolution und \u00d6kologie Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Abteilung Pal\u00e4oanthropologie und Messelforschung Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Abteilung Pal\u00e4oanthropologie und Messelforschung Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The Ecology and Biology of Mammal\u2010Like Reptiles","author":"Allin EF","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Ueber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, Beobachtung und Reflexion","author":"Baer CE","year":"1828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","volume-title":"Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere","author":"Bolk L","year":"1931"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Ueber die Nasenhoehlen und den Thr\u00e4nennasengang der Amphibien","volume":"2","author":"Born G","year":"1876","journal-title":"Morph Jb"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02952679"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","volume-title":"Illustrated Bibliographical Catalogue of the Synapsida. 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