{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:27:41Z","timestamp":1769549261347,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anterior fixation of the anterior process of the malleus has been studied in a number of Cetartiodactyla. This anterior process, also known as processus gracilis, is provided by the prearticular (gonial), a dermal bone, whereas the cartilage of Meckel becomes resorbed in perinatal ontogenetic stages. Posteriorly, the prearticular fuses with the cartilaginous caput of the malleus; rostrally, the prearticular (=\u00a0processus gracilis) is always fixed to the anterior crus of the ectotympanic by an extremely thin splint (thickness &lt;\u00a050\u00a0\u03bcm). From the rostral part of the processus gracilis all studied cetartiodactyls develop a processus internus of considerable size. This process was known as \u2018ossiculum accessorium mallei\u2019 in former times, and its homology has been disputed; from our microscopic\u2010anatomical study we can definitely state that it is always a \u2018processus internus praearticularis\u2019. This process contacts the fascia of the tensor tympani muscle. In non\u2010ruminants, it articulates dorsally with the tegmen tympani and dorsolaterally with the ectotympanic; whereas the processus gracilis becomes more and more slender, the processus internus may grow to considerable size and normally is fused to the adjacent bones already in juveniles. However, in ruminants, the tegmen tympani tends to disappear and the processus internus praearticularis appears as relatively small bony knob at the floor of the medial cranial cavity, and it seems not to be fused to the surrounding bones; in later age stages, it may become secondarily overgrown by the petrosal. This dorsally exposed processus internus praearticularis seems to be a synapomorphy of the Ruminantia. The functional meaning of this internal process of the prearticular, which is also developed to a minor degree in Carnivora, remains unclear at the moment \u2013 but we present some speculations about this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T06:43:41Z","timestamp":1446101021000},"page":"313-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The anterior process of the malleus in Cetartiodactyla"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Evolution und \u00d6kologie Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Abteilung Pal\u00e4oanthropologie und Messelforschung Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Pal\u00e4oanthropologie und Messelforschung Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"Comtesse\u2010WeidnerP(2007)Untersuchungen am Kopf des fetalen Narwals Monodon monoceros: Ein Atlas zur Entwicklung und funktionellen Morphologie des Sonarapparates. PhD thesis Giessen:Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010Universit\u00e4t.http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:hebis:26-opus-51007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1878.tb00663.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Studien am Skelett des Geh\u00f6rorgans der S\u00e4ugetiere, einschlie\u00dflich des Menschen","volume":"21","author":"Fleischer G","year":"1973","journal-title":"S\u00e4ugetierkundl Mitt"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67143-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","volume-title":"Die Paukenh\u00f6hle der S\u00e4ugethiere","author":"Hagenbach E","year":"1835"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"\u00dcber ein besonderes, mit dem Hammer der S\u00e4ugethiere in Verbindung stehendes Kn\u00f6chelchen","volume":"1841","author":"Hagenbach E","year":"1841","journal-title":"Arch Anat Physiol Wissensch Medizin"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"Vergleichend\u2010Anatomische Untersuchungen \u00dcber das Innere Geh\u00f6rorgan des Menschen und der S\u00e4ugethiere","author":"Hyrtl J","year":"1845"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Der Processus angularis bei Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae, Marsupialia) und seine Beziehungen zum Mittelohr: Eine ontogenetische und evolutionsmorphologische Untersuchung","volume":"133","author":"Maier W","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gegenb Morphol Jahrb"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854289X00183"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12379"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"321","volume":"34","author":"Van Kampen PN","year":"1905","journal-title":"Die Tympanalgegend des S\u00e4ugetiersch\u00e4dels. 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