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Of the uraemic toxins generated during renal disease, high levels of urea are known to induce hyposmic conditions. In this study, the effects of environmental exposure to elevated concentrations of urea (7, 13.5 and 20 g\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) on the sensory mucosa of zebrafish in acute toxicity and chronic toxicity tests were described. It was observed that lamellae maintained structural integrity and epithelial thickness was slightly reduced, but only following exposure to the highest concentrations of urea. Pan\u2010neuronal labelling with anti\u2010Hu revealed a negative correlation with levels of urea, leading to investigation of whether distinct neuronal subtypes were equally sensitive. Using densitometric analysis of immunolabelled tissues, numbers of G<jats:sub>\u03b1 olf<\/jats:sub>\u2010, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRPC<\/jats:styled-content>2\u2010 and TrkA\u2010expressing cells were compared, representing ciliated, microvillous and crypt neurons, respectively. The three neuronal subpopulations responded differently to increasing levels of urea. In particular, crypt cells were more severely affected than the other cell types, and G<jats:sub>\u03b1 olf<\/jats:sub>\u2010immunoreactivity was found to increase when fish were exposed to low doses of urea. It can be concluded that exposure to moderate levels of urea leads to sensory toxicity directly affecting olfactory organs, in accordance with the functional olfactometric measurements previously reported in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T07:49:30Z","timestamp":1446104970000},"page":"59-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Histopathological analysis of the olfactory epithelium of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio<\/i>) exposed to sublethal doses of urea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Bettini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences University of Bologna Bologna 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