{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:30:38Z","timestamp":1789835438580,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heart-Lung Foundation","award":["20110210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20110210"]}]},{"name":"Heart-Lung Foundation","award":["20140339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20140339"]}]},{"name":"Insamlingsstiftelsen, Ume\u00e5 University","award":["223-1881-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223-1881-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human oropharyngeal muscles have a unique anatomy with diverse and intricate functions. To investigate if this specialization is also reflected in the cytoarchitecture of muscle fibers, intermediate filament proteins and the dystrophin\u2010associated protein complex have been analyzed in two human palate muscles, musculus uvula (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content>) and musculus palatopharyngeus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content>), with immunohistochenmical and morphological techniques. Human limb muscles were used as reference. The findings show that the soft palate muscle fibers have a cytoskeletal architecture that differs from the limb muscles. While all limb muscles showed immunoreaction for a panel of antibodies directed against different domains of cytoskeletal proteins desmin and dystrophin, a subpopulation of palate muscle fibers lacked or had a faint immunoreaction for desmin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content> 11.7% and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content> 9.8%) and the C\u2010terminal of the dystrophin molecule (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content> 4.2% and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PP<\/jats:styled-content> 6.4%). The vast majority of these fibers expressed slow contractile protein myosin heavy chain I. Furthermore, an unusual staining pattern was also observed in these fibers for \u03b2\u2010dystroglycan, caveolin\u20103 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nNOS<\/jats:styled-content>, which are all membrane\u2010linking proteins associated with the dystrophin C\u2010terminus. While the immunoreaction for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">nNOS<\/jats:styled-content> was generally weak or absent, \u03b2\u2010dystroglycan and caveolin\u20103 showed a stronger immunostaining. The absence or a low expression of cytoskeletal proteins otherwise considered ubiquitous and important for integration and contraction of muscle cells indicate a unique cytoarchitecture designed to meet the intricate demands of the upper airway muscles. It can be concluded that a subgroup of muscle fibers in the human soft palate appears to have special biomechanical properties, and their unique cytoarchitecture must be taken into account while assessing function and pathology in oropharyngeal muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T12:33:19Z","timestamp":1448368399000},"page":"487-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Unique expression of cytoskeletal proteins in human soft palate muscles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Farhan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Laboratory of Muscle Biology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Berggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Otolaryngology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorbj\u00f6rn","family":"Holmlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Otolaryngology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Levring J\u00e4ghagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"St\u00e5l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology Laboratory of Muscle Biology Ume\u00e5 University Ume\u00e5 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