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This chamber is limited medially by the enlarged tympanic membrane. Yet, the anatomy of this distinctive and complex region is underexplored and its evolutionary history untraced. The osteology and soft tissues of the MC in extant crocodylians was analysed to describe it and establish osteological correlates within this region. A broad survey of the osteological correlates was conducted in major clades of fossil crocodyliforms to estimate evolutionary trends of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content>. The reorganization of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content> at the origin of crocodyliforms includes characters also present in more basal taxa such as \u2018sphenosuchians\u2019 as well as unique traits of crocodyliforms. Three major patterns are recognized in the MC of basal mesoeucrocodylians. The distinct \u2018thalattosuchian pattern\u2019 indicates that extensive modifications occurred in this clade of aquatic fossil crocodyliforms, even when multiple alternative phylogenetic positions are taken into account. Some traits already established in putative closely related clades are absent or modified in this group. The \u2018basal notosuchian\/sebecian pattern\u2019 is widespread among basal metasuchians, and establishes for the first time characters maintained later in neosuchians and extant forms. The \u2018advanced notosuchian pattern\u2019 includes modifications of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content> possibly related to a terrestrial lifestyle and potentially a structure analogous to the mammalian pinna. The main variation in the MC of neosuchians is associated with the homoplastic secondary opening of the cranioquadrate passage. The inferred phylogenetic trends in the crocodyliform <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MC<\/jats:styled-content> suggest the great anatomical disparity in this region followed a complex evolutionary pattern, and tympanic hearing played an important role in the origin and diversification of Crocodyliformes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T10:38:34Z","timestamp":1454582314000},"page":"838-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The evolution of the meatal chamber in crocodyliforms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Felipe C.","family":"Montefeltro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia FEIS\u2010UNESP Ilha Solteira S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis V.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia UNESP Rio Claro S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans C. 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