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To explore further sex\u2010differences in the lumbar spine, and to understand contradictions in the literature, we conducted a cross\u2010sectional retrospective study of sex\u2010differences in lumbar spine morphology and sacral orientation. In addition, our sample includes data for separate standing and supine samples of males and females to examine potential sex\u2010differences in postural loading on lumbosacral morphology. We measured sagittal lumbosacral morphology on 200 radiographs. Measurements include: lumbar angle (L1\u2013S1), lumbar vertebral body and disc wedging angles, sacral slope and pelvic incidence. Lumbar angle, representative of lordotic curvature between L1 and S1, was 7.3\u00b0 greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex\u2010differences in lumbar angle when supine. This difference in standing lumbar angle can be explained by greater lordotic wedging of the lumbar vertebrae (L1\u2013L5) in females. Additionally, sacral slope was greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex\u2010differences in pelvic incidence. Our results support that females have greater lumbar lordosis than males when standing, but not when supine \u2013 suggesting a potentially greater range of motion in the female spine. Furthermore, sex\u2010differences in the lumbar spine appear to be supported by postural differences in sacral\u2010orientation and morphological differences in the vertebral body wedging. A better understanding of sex\u2010differences in lumbosacral morphology may explain sex\u2010differences in spinal conditions, as well as promote necessary sex\u2010specific treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T07:53:04Z","timestamp":1456473184000},"page":"82-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Morphological and postural sexual dimorphism of the lumbar spine facilitates greater lordosis in females"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Jeannie F.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology and Orthopaedics &amp; Sports Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn J.","family":"Sparrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronic Systems Engineering Simon Fraser University Surrey British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Been","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy &amp; Anthropology Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Faculty of Health Professions Ono Academic College Kiryat Ono Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology and Orthopaedics &amp; Sports Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330720309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030863"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.07.464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ddd433"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1660-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3556-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0984-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(88)90053-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002560050402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000149074.21550.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-78522006000400003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2009.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-012-0281-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198511000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.3.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199520120-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"370852","article-title":"Midsagittal anatomy of lumbar lordosis in adult Egyptians: MRI study","volume":"2014","author":"Hegazy AA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199407001-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199808150-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000250979.12398.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a9fd85"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196547040-00002","article-title":"Spine and pelvic deformity in childhood and adolescent paraplegia: a study of 104 cases","volume":"47","author":"Kilfoyle RM","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803150-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199904000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1940-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318216b0fd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Lumbar lordosis: normal adults","volume":"9","author":"Lin RM","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199711010-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"The natural history of human gait and posture. 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