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The present study aimed to examine how long\u2010term immobilization\u2010induced cartilage degeneration is aggravated by remobilization. Sixty 8\u2010week\u2010old male Wistar rats were used in this study. The unilateral knee joint was immobilized using an external fixator for 8\u2005weeks. The rats were killed at 0 and 3\u2005days, and at 1, 2, 4 and 8\u2005weeks after removing the fixator. After the rats were killed, the maximum knee extension angles were measured. Histological sections at the medial mid\u2010condylar region (non\u2010contact, transitional and contact regions of the femur and tibia) were prepared and scored. The cartilage thickness and number of chondrocytes were measured, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>44 and Col2\u20103\/4c expression levels were assessed immunohistochemically. The histological assessment revealed progressive aggravation of cartilage degeneration in the transitional region, with a decreased number of chondrocytes and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>44\u2010positive chondrocytes as well as poor scoring over time, particularly in the tibia. Cyst formation was confirmed in the transitional region of the tibia at 8\u2005weeks post\u2010remobilization. The cartilage thickness in the transitional region was thicker than that in the contact region, particularly in the tibia. Col2\u20103\/4c expression was observed in the non\u2010contact and transitional regions, and the knee extension angle was recovered. In conclusion, immobilization\u2010induced cartilage degeneration was aggravated by remobilization over time in the transitional region, followed by observations of a decreased number of chondrocytes and morphological disparity between different cartilage regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,19]],"date-time":"2016-03-19T00:50:55Z","timestamp":1458348655000},"page":"929-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Remobilization causes site\u2010specific cyst formation in immobilization\u2010induced knee cartilage degeneration in an immobilized rat model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Momoko","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Congenital Anomaly Research Center Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Tajino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kuroki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Rapid recovery from contracture in rabbit hindlimb. 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