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Some phalangeal non\u2010metric variants have been well identified in humans, in particular: triphalangeal\/biphalangeal patterns, and the presence\/absence of phalangeal secondary centres of ossification. The purpose of the present study was to describe and analyse an original non\u2010metric variation of the middle phalanges of the lateral toes. The material consisted of 2541 foot radiographs that came from 2541 different European adult individuals. Two morphological types of the middle phalanx were defined as a simple binary trait: long type (L) and short type (S). In feet with a triphalangeal pattern in all lateral toes (1413 cases), a mediolateral increasing gradient was observed in the occurrence of type S: 8.1% in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>; 30.7% in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>; 68.4% in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>; and 99.1% in V. In feet with a biphalangeal pattern in one or more lateral toes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013V; 1128 cases), type S occurred more frequently than in triphalangeal feet. Of the 30 theoretical arrangements of the L\/S types in the lateral toes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013V) in a complete foot, only 13 patterns were observed. Seven patterns represented 95.6% of the population: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLSS<\/jats:styled-content> (20.9%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLS<\/jats:styled-content> (17.1%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSS<\/jats:styled-content> (15.9%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSS<\/jats:styled-content> (14.5%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSSS<\/jats:styled-content> (12.7%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLS<\/jats:styled-content> (10.1%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SSSS<\/jats:styled-content> (4.4%). Type L can be interpreted as the primitive pattern (plesiomorphy), and type S as a derived pattern (apomorphy) that seems specific to the human species (i.e. autapomorphy). Within the specific evolution of the human foot in relation to the acquisition of constant erect posture and bipedalism, the short type of the middle phalanges can reasonably be considered as directly linked to the reduction of the lateral toes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T23:11:38Z","timestamp":1459465898000},"page":"965-974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non\u2010metric variation of the middle phalanges of the human toes (<scp>II<\/scp>\u2013V): long\/short types and their evolutionary significance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Marie","family":"Le Minor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University Hospital Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"de Mathelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Bierry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University Hospital Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Die Fussknochen der Japaner","volume":"4","author":"Adachi B","year":"1905","journal-title":"Mitt Med Fakult\u00e4t Univ Tokyo"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy","author":"Aiello L","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"519","article-title":"Factors affecting the incidence of non\u2010metrical skeletal variants","volume":"120","author":"Berry AC","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"361","article-title":"Epigenetic variation in the human cranium","volume":"101","author":"Berry AC","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20469"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Das Typische R\u00f6ntgenbild des Skeletts","author":"Birkner R","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Birth Defect Encyclopedia","author":"Buyse ML","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-08782-0.50013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078300300604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200011)113:3<349::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.206.11.2526b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Forensic Anthropology: The Structure, Morphology, and Variation of Human Bone","author":"El\u2010Najjar MY","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"WC Farabee 1903"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"The Origin of Tetrapod Limb","author":"Feduccia A","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Non\u2010metric variation of the infracranial skeleton","volume":"125","author":"Finnegan M","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Benninghof Anatomie. 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