{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:25:50Z","timestamp":1782221150762,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enthesophytes are bony projections that arise from the sites of ligament, tendon or joint capsule attachment to a bone. They are seen rarely in radiographic findings in young adults, as these bony adaptations are assumed to develop slowly over time. However, in recent years, the presence of an enlarged external occipital protuberance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content>) has been observed frequently in radiographs of relatively young patients at the clinic of the lead author. Accordingly, the aim of this project was to assess the prevalence of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> in a young adult population. Analysis involved a retrospective analysis of 218 lateral cervical radiographic studies of 18\u201330\u2010year\u2010old participants. Group A (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 108; males = 45, females = 63) consisted of asymptomatic university students, while Group B (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 110; males = 50, females = 60) were an age\u2010matched mildly symptomatic, non\u2010student population. The external occipital protuberance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content>) size was defined as the distance from the most superior point of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content> (origin) to a point on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content> that is most distal from the skull. To avoid ambiguity, the threshold for recording the size of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content> was set at 5 mm, and an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content> was classified as enlarged if it exceeded 10 mm. Reliability testing was also undertaken. Results indicated that an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> was present in 41% of the total population, with 10% of all participants presenting with an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOP<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0\u2265 20 mm. An <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly more common in males (67.4%) than in females (20.3%), with the mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> size for the combined male population (15 \u00b1 7 mm) being significantly larger (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) than for females (10 \u00b1 4 mm). The longest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> in the male population was 35.7 mm, while in the female population it was 25.5 mm. Additionally, the mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> size for Group A (14 \u00b1 7 mm) was also significantly greater (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006) than that recorded for Group B (12 \u00b1 6 mm). This study identified that an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content> is a condition that is prevalent in the populations tested. The age of the populations, and the prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEOP<\/jats:styled-content>, suggest that biomechanical drivers for this phenomenon may be the main reason for this condition in these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T13:03:35Z","timestamp":1458651815000},"page":"286-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A morphological adaptation? 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