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The pectoral appendage is comprised of endochondral portions, such as the humerus and the scapula, and a dermal portion, such as the clavicle, that contributes to the shoulder girdle. In the search for clues to the mechanism of the caudal relocation of the pectoral appendage, the cell lineage of the rostral lateral plate mesoderm was analyzed in chickens. It was found that, despite the long neck region in chickens, the origin of the clavicle attached to the head mesoderm ranged between 1 and 14 somite levels. Because the pectoral limb bud and the endochondral pectoral appendage developed on 15\u201320 and 15\u201324 somite levels, respectively, the clavicle\u2010forming region corresponds to the embryonic neck, which suggests that the relocation would have been executed by the expansion of the source of the clavicle. The rostral portion of the clavicle\u2010forming region overlaps the source of the cucullaris muscle, embraces the pharyngeal arches caudally, and can be experimentally replaced with the head mesoderm to form the cucullaris muscle, which implies that the mesodermal portion could have been the head mesoderm\u00a0and that the clavicle would have developed at the head\/trunk boundary. The link between the head mesoderm and the presumptive clavicle appears to have been the developmental constraint needed to create the evolutionarily conserved musculoskeletal connectivities characterizing the gnathostome neck. In this sense, the dermal girdle of the ganathostomes would represent the wall of the branchial chamber into which the endochondral pectoral appendage appears to have attached since its appearance in evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1465462264000},"page":"536-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Developmental origin of the clavicle, and its implications for the evolution of the neck and the paired appendages in vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Sugahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology Hyogo College of Medicine Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akina","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1996)19:1<51::AID-DVG6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1881.tb01323.x","article-title":"On the development of the skeleton of the paired fins of Elasmobranchii, considered in relation to its bearings on the nature of the limbs of the Vertebrata","volume":"1881","author":"Balfour FM","year":"1881","journal-title":"Proc Zool Soc London"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401880207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402670309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Mesozoic Fishes 2","author":"Bemis WE","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/476018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(08)60725-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00033-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Origine des ceintures scapulaires et pelviennes chez l'embryon d'oiseau","volume":"42","author":"Chevallier PA","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Gaining Ground. 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