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However, it remains to be investigated to which extent differences in endocranial morphology reflect differences in actual brain morphology and development, and to which extent they reflect different interactions of the brain and its case with the cranial base and face. Here we address this question by analyzing the effects of cranial integration on endocranial morphology. We test the \u2018spatial packing\u2019 and \u2018facial orientation\u2019 hypotheses, which propose that size and orientation of the neurocranium relative to the viscerocranium influence endocranial shape. Results show that a substantial proportion of endocranial shape variation along and across ontogenetic trajectories is due to cranial integration. Specifically, the uniquely globular shape of the human endocast mainly results from the combination of an exceptionally large brain with a comparatively small face. Overall, thus, cranial integration has pervasive effects on endocranial morphology, and only a comparatively small proportion of inter\u2010 and intra\u2010taxon variation can directly be associated with variation in brain morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T09:42:53Z","timestamp":1470735773000},"page":"85-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effects of cranial integration on hominid endocranial shape"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Christoph P. 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