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The cetacean ear represents a key innovation that marked their evolution from terrestrial artiodactyls to among the most fully aquatic mammals in existence. Using micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>and histological data, we document shape and size changes in the cetacean inner ear during ontogeny, and demonstrate that, as a proportion of gestation time, the cetacean inner ear is precocial in its growth compared with that of suid artiodactyls. Cetacean inner ears begin ossifying and reach near\u2010adult shape as early as at 32% of the gestation period, and near\u2010adult dimensions as early as at 27% newborn total length. Our earliest embryos with measurable inner ears (13% newborn length) exhibit a flattened cochlea (i.e. smaller distance from cochlear apex to round window) compared with later and adult stages. Inner ears of<jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>have neither begun ossifying nor reached near\u2010adult dimensions at 55% of the gestation period, but have an adult\u2010like ratio of cochlear diameters to each other, suggesting an adult\u2010like shape. The precocial development of the cetacean inner ear complements previous work demonstrating precocial development of other cetacean anatomical features such as the locomotor muscles to facilitate swimming at the moment of birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T07:02:42Z","timestamp":1482217362000},"page":"249-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Inner ear development in cetaceans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Thean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Kardjilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091090404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000680103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1383247"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/404940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(200006)244:3<203::AID-JMOR5>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"DoidgeDW(1990)Age and stage based analysis of the population dynamics of beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas with particular reference to the Northern Quebec population. 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