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The parietal and visceral plurae form the pleural cavity that has negative pressure within to enable normal respiration. The lung tissues are bilaterally innervated by vagal and spinal nerves, including sensory and motor components. This complicated innervation pattern has made it difficult to discern the vagal vs. spinal processes in the pulmonary visceral pleura. With and without vagotomy, we identified vagal nerve fibres and endings distributed extensively in the visceral pleura (\u2018P\u2019\u2010type nerve endings) and triangular ligaments (\u2018L\u2019\u2010type nerve endings) by injecting wheat germ agglutinin\u2010horseradish peroxidase as a tracer into the nucleus of solitary tract or nodose ganglion of male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. We found the hilar and non\u2010hilar vagal pulmonary pleural innervation pathways. In the hilar pathway, vagal sub\u2010branches enter the hilum and follow the pleural sheet to give off the terminal arborizations. In the non\u2010hilar pathway, vagal sub\u2010branches run caudally along the oesophagus and either directly enter the ventral\u2010middle\u2010mediastinal left lobe or follow the triangular ligaments to enter the left and inferior lobe. Both vagi innervate: (i) the superior, middle and accessory lobes on the ventral surfaces that face the heart; (ii) the dorsal\u2010rostral superior lobe; (iii) the dorsal\u2010caudal left lobe; and (iv) the left triangular ligament. Innervated only by the left vagus is: (i) the ventral\u2010rostral and dorsal\u2010rostral left lobe via the hilar pathway; (ii) the ventral\u2010middle\u2010mediastinal left lobe and the dorsal accessory lobe that face the left lobe via the non\u2010hilar pathway; and (iii) the ventral\u2010rostral inferior lobe that faces the heart. Innervated only by the right vagus, via the non\u2010hilar pathway, is: (i) the inferior (ventral and dorsal) and left (ventral only) lobe in the area near the triangular ligament; (ii) the dorsal\u2010middle\u2010mediastinal left lobe; and (iii) the right triangular ligament. Other regions innervated with unknown vagal pathways include: (i) the middle lobe that faces the superior and inferior lobe; (ii) the rostral\u2010mediastinal inferior lobe that faces the middle lobe; and (iii) the ventral accessory lobe that faces the diaphragm. Our study demonstrated that most areas that face the dorsal thoracic cavity have no vagal innervation, whereas the interlobar and heart\u2010facing areas are bilaterally or unilaterally innervated with a left\u2010rostral vs. right\u2010caudal lateralized innervation pattern. This innervation pattern may account for the fact that the respiratory regulation in rats has a lateralized right\u2010side dominant pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T09:03:30Z","timestamp":1480410210000},"page":"303-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vagal nerve endings in visceral pleura and triangular ligaments of the rat lung"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Feng\u2010Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan"},{"name":"Mental Health Promotion Center National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Cognitive Sciences National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High\u2010tech Innovations National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Han","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Chung Cheng University Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao\u2010Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 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