{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:46:32Z","timestamp":1791402392430,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009371","name":"University of Nantes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"R\u00e9gion des Pays de la Loire","award":["QUETE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUETE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is challenging to differentiate the mechanical properties of synergist muscles <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>. Shear wave elastography can be used to quantify the shear modulus (i.e. an index of stiffness) of a specific muscle. This study assessed the passive behavior of lower leg muscles during passive dorsiflexion performed with the knee fully extended (experiment 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022) or with the knee flexed at 90\u00b0 (experiment 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020). The shear modulus measurements were repeated twice during experiment 1 to assess the inter\u2010day reliability. During both experiments, the shear modulus of the following plantar flexors was randomly measured: <jats:italic>gastrocnemii medialis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>) <jats:italic>and lateralis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GL<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOL<\/jats:styled-content>), peroneus longus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PL<\/jats:styled-content>), and the deep muscles <jats:italic>flexor digitorum longus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FDL<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:italic>flexor hallucis longus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHL<\/jats:styled-content>), <jats:italic>tibialis posterior<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TP<\/jats:styled-content>). Two antagonist muscles <jats:italic>tibialis anterior<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TA<\/jats:styled-content>), and <jats:italic>extensor digitorum longus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDL<\/jats:styled-content>) were also recorded. Measurements were performed in different proximo\u2010distal regions for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> GL<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOL<\/jats:styled-content>. Inter\u2010day reliability was adequate for all muscles (coefficient of variation\u00a0&lt;\u00a015%), except for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TP<\/jats:styled-content>. In experiment 1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content> exhibited the highest shear modulus at 80% of the maximal range of motion (128.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027.3\u00a0kPa) and was followed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GL<\/jats:styled-content> (67.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024.1\u00a0kPa). In experiment 2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOL<\/jats:styled-content> exhibited the highest shear modulus (55.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018.0\u00a0kPa). The highest values of shear modulus were found for the distal locations of both the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content> (80% of participants in experiment 1) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SOL<\/jats:styled-content> (100% of participants in experiment 2). For both experiments, deep muscles and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PL<\/jats:styled-content> exhibited low levels of stiffness during the stretch in young asymptomatic adults, which was unknown until now. These results provide a deeper understanding of passive mechanical properties and the distribution of stiffness between and within the plantar flexor muscles during stretching between them and thus could be relevant to study the effects of aging, disease progression, and rehabilitation on stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T05:49:16Z","timestamp":1488433756000},"page":"639-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Stiffness mapping of lower leg muscles during passive dorsiflexion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Le Sant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nantes Laboratory \u2018Movement, Interactions, Performance\u2019 (EA 4334) Faculty of Sport Sciences Nantes France"},{"name":"School of Physiotherapy IFM3R Nantes 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