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However, there are currently a number of discrepancies in the literature regarding the anatomical relations, histological descriptions and clinical associations of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Historically, authors have described the intrinsic muscles of the foot and\/or the plantar fascia as attaching to the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>. In this article we review the relationship between the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>and surrounding soft tissues as well as examining the histology of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>. We identify a number of key associations with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>, including age, weight, gender, arthritides, plantar fasciitis and foot position; these factors may function as risk factors in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>formation. The etiology of these spurs is a contentious issue and it has been explained through a number of theories including the degenerative, inflammatory, traction, repetitive trauma, bone\u2010formers and vertical compression theories. We review these and finish by looking clinically at the evidence that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCS<\/jats:styled-content>causes heel pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T02:42:51Z","timestamp":1490841771000},"page":"743-751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The plantar calcaneal spur: a review of anatomy, histology, etiology and key associations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"230","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9788-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Yassaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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