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Therefore, the morphology of this portion of the vertebral column plays a major role in the evolution of terrestrial locomotion. Whereas most extant reptiles only possess the two plesiomorphic sacral vertebrae, additional vertebrae have been incorporated into the sacrum multiple times independently among early\u2010diverging archosaurian (crocodylians\u00a0+\u00a0birds) clades. Phytosauria was a diverse, abundant, and cosmopolitan clade of archosauriforms throughout the Late Triassic, but postcrania of this clade are rarely described and few species\u2010level taxonomic placements of phytosaurian postcranial material are available, potentially hampering knowledge of morphological disparity in the postcranial skeleton among phytosaurs. Here, we describe the sacrum of <jats:italic>Smilosuchus adamanensis<\/jats:italic>, a phytosaur recovered from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona. This sacrum consists of the two primordial sacral vertebrae, but has a vertebra incorporated from the trunk into the sacrum (=\u00a0a dorsosacral) and is therefore the first Late Triassic phytosaur and one of the first non\u2010archosaurian archosauromorphs to be described with more than two sacral vertebrae. Our interpretation of this element as a dorsosacral is justified by the lateral extent of the dorsosacral ribs, clear surfaces of articulation between the distal ends of the dorsosacral ribs and the first primordial sacral ribs, and the scar on the medial surface of each ilium for articulation with each dorsosacral rib. Additionally, we provide the first detailed description of the vertebral junction formed by two anteriorly projecting flanges on the first primordial sacral ribs and their corresponding facets on the centrum of the dorsosacral. Computed tomographic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) imaging reveals that the two primordial sacrals are not co\u2010ossified and that the dorsosacral morphology of this specimen is not the result of obvious pathology. We place this incorporation of a trunk vertebra into the phytosaurian sacrum in a broader evolutionary context, with this shift in vertebral identity occurring at least seven times independently among Triassic archosauriforms, including at least three times in early crocodylian\u2010line archosaurs and at least four times among bird\u2010line archosaurs. Additionally, anteriorly projecting flanges of sacral ribs which articulate with the anterior\u2010adjacent centrum have evolved several times in archosauriforms, and we interpret \u2018shared\u2019 sacral ribs (=\u00a0a sacral rib that articulates with two adjacent sacral centra more or less equally) present in some archosaurian clades as a more extreme example of this morphology. In extant taxa the highly conserved Hox gene family plays a central role in the patterning of the axial skeleton, especially vertebral identity; therefore, the independent incorporation of a trunk vertebra into the sacrum across multiple archosauriform lineages may suggest a homologous underlying developmental mechanism for this evolutionary trend.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T02:32:47Z","timestamp":1503541967000},"page":"886-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Sacral anatomy of the phytosaur <i>Smilosuchus adamanensis<\/i>, with implications for pelvic girdle evolution among Archosauriformes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3201-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice M.","family":"Stefanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Petrified Forest National Park Petrified Forest AZ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Hungerb\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesalands Community College Tucumcari NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle R.","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1144\/SP379.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2014.860150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"The Dinosauria","author":"Benton MJ","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Los tetr\u00e1podos del sector superior del a Formaci\u00f3n Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina. 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