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One such environmental influence is malnourishment, which can result in growth faltering, usually diagnosed by means of comparing an individual's stature with a set of age\u2010appropriate standards. These standards for stature, however, are typically ascertained in groups where people are at low risk for growth faltering. Moreover, genetic differences among populations with respect to stature are well established, further complicating the generalizability of stature\u2010based diagnostic tools. In a large sample of children aged 5\u201319 years, we obtained high\u2010resolution genomic data, anthropometric measures and 3D facial images from individuals within and around the city of Mwanza, Tanzania. With genome\u2010wide complex trait analysis, we partitioned genetic and environmental variance for growth outcomes and facial shape. We found that children with growth faltering have faces that look like those of older and taller children, in a direction opposite to the expected allometric trajectory, and in ways predicted by the environmental portion of covariance at the community and individual levels. The environmental variance for facial shape varied subtly but significantly among communities, whereas genetic differences were minimal. These results reveal that facial shape preserves information about exposure to undernourishment, with important implications for refining assessments of nutritional status in children and the developmental\u2010genetics of craniofacial variation alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]],"date-time":"2017-11-29T15:36:44Z","timestamp":1511969804000},"page":"250-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Facial shape manifestations of growth faltering in Tanzanian children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Joanne B.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mange F.","family":"Manyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill\u2010Cornell Medicine\u2010Qatar Doha Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejana","family":"Nikitovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Archaeology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula N.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENyS. Estudios en Neurociencias y Sistemas Complejos CONICET\u2010HEC\u2010UNAJ. Av. Calchaqu\u00ed 5401. 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