{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:47:40Z","timestamp":1792604860220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]],"date-time":"2018-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sealed osteons are unusual variants of secondary osteons that have received little attention, especially in non\u2010human bones. Sealed osteons are characterized by central canals that are plugged with bone tissue. As with other variants of secondary osteons (e.g. drifting, dumbbell, multi\u2010canal), understanding how and why sealed osteons form can shed light on the mechanisms that regulate normal bone remodeling and how this process can be perturbed with aging and some diseases. In a recent microscopic evaluation of human tibiae obtained after traumatic amputations, 4\u20135% of the osteons were sealed. It is suggested that this high prevalence reflects occasional localized microscopic ischemia from normal osteonal remodeling; hence sealed osteons are implicated in human skeletal fragility. Therefore, osteon prevalence would be expected to correlate with the bone remodeling seen with aging; for example, showing positive relationships between sealed osteons and the population density of typical secondary osteons (OPD). We evaluated the prevalence of partially sealed (80\u201399% sealed) and fully sealed osteons with respect to age and variations in OPD in 10 adult human femora (34\u201371\u00a0years) and in various non\u2010human appendicular bones of mature animals that were not of advanced age, including deer calcanei, equine\u00a0radii and equine third\u00a0metacarpals. An additional sample of 10 bilateral human femora with unilateral non\u2010cemented total hip replacements (F,+HR) and non\u2010implanted contralateral femora (F,\u2212HR) were evaluated (10 patients; 52\u201394\u00a0years). In non\u2010human bones, sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons were rare (~0.1%) even when having relatively high OPD. When considering sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons in femora from patients without any HR, results showed that 1.6% of the osteons were sealed or partially sealed, which was much lower than anticipated, but this is 10\u2010 to 20\u2010fold more than in any of the non\u2010human bones. Additionally, in all bones, sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons were significantly smaller than typical secondary osteons (mean diameters: 125 vs. 272\u00a0\u03bcm;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005). In the patients with HR, the percentage of sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons: (i) did not correlate with age, (ii) showed no significant difference between F,\u2212HR and F,+HR (1.9 vs. 2.1%;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.2), and (iii) was positively correlated with OPD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.67,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001), which differs from the very weak or lack of correlations in the non\u2010human bones and the other human femur sample. The lack of an age\u2010related relationship, in addition to the very low prevalence of sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons are inconsistent with the idea that they contribute to reduced bone quality seen in aging humans. The small size of sealed and partially sealed osteons, regardless of species affiliation, suggests that they represent closing cones at the termini of some osteons. Available evidence suggests that osteons of primates might have a greater capacity for branching that is associated with closing cones, which might explain the 10\u201320 times higher prevalence of sealed\u00a0+\u00a0partially sealed osteons in the human bones examined in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,21]],"date-time":"2018-02-21T18:37:52Z","timestamp":1519238272000},"page":"824-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sealed osteons in animals and humans: low prevalence and lack of relationship with age"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G.","family":"Skedros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanner R.","family":"Henrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison S.","family":"Doutr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy D.","family":"Bloebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George E. Whalen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bone and Joint Research Laboratory Salt Lake City UT USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90209-S"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Blood supply to the human femoral diaphysis in youth and senescence","volume":"188","author":"Bridgeman G","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.03.654"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2010.00633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32432","article-title":"Reorganization of the femoral cortex due to age\u2010, sex\u2010, and endoprosthetic\u2010related effects emphasized by osteonal dimensions and remodeling","volume":"92","author":"Busse B","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195840020-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20344"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520298709108030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196042010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Hinkle DE","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"NCSS 10 Statistical Software","author":"Hintze J","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Blood flow changes to the proximal femur during total hip arthroplasty","volume":"43","author":"Hupel TM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199809)107:1<13::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Bone Biodynamics","author":"Johnson LC","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"KneseKH TitschakS(1962)Untersuchungen mit Hilfe des Lochkartenverfarherns \u00fcber die Osteonstruktur von Haus\u2010 und Wildschweinknochen sowie Bemerkungen zur Baugeschichte des Knochengewebs. 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